Give a reaction betwe:ft13 uptu9 xzen two nucleons, similar to Eq. 32-4, that could produce a ptt31uxzu :9 f$\pi^0$.

  If a proton is moving ax mv7qh,.h (eat very high speed, so that its kinetic energy is much greater than its rest eneq,xeah v.(7h mrgy ($mc^2$), can it then decay via $p \to n + \pi^+$?  ----待选择----yesno 

What would an "antiatom," made up of the antiparticlesc6djr a5jzh4lbm6/tn.g k :a5 to the constituents of normal atoms, consist of? What might happen if antimatter, made of such antiatoms, came in contact withzn /4 mc rh6:gb5kjt5j6d.la a our normal world of matter?

What particle in a decay signals the electromagnetic interactionp3g8q1qzo1 4 8lonakjuy2t* x?

Does the presence of a neu+u0qsk vyv4n .trino among the decay products of a particle necessarily mean thqku.sv0nv +4y at the decay occurs via the weak interaction? Do all decays via the weak interaction produce a neutrino? Explain.

Why is it that a neutron decax2+q tvhtl; jyd./9qd ys via the weak interaction even though the neutron and one of its decay products (proton) are strongly interalqtht/x2y j.;d v dq+9cting?

Which of the four interactions (sth8v +(a oph5smrong, electromagnetic, weak, gravitational) does an electron take part in? A nop(ahms+8v 5h eutrino? A proton?

Check that charge and baryon num3q +iuu ewha3m,3r6t-e i8cftber are conserved in each of the decays in Table 32-2.3 hue-3emai8cit +q6frw3,tu

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-2 occur via the electromagnsq+:mbqjf 6.0rv,3dam u idbv4y 96deetic interaction?s6b+vr0ebdm f q ujdim:,9.d yvq4a63

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-2 occur by the weak interaction+,o mhkk-y(gyv, 7qem?

By what interaction, anf yy,u9 nvbw 1kmz45q(d why, does $\Sigma^0$ decay to $\Lambda^0 + \gamma$? What about $\Xi^-$ decaying to $\Lambda^0 + \pi^-$?

The $\Delta$ baryon has spin $\frac{3}{2}$, baryon number 1, and charge states $Q = +2, +1, 0, -1$. Why is there no charge state $Q = -2$?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-4 occur via thh/ iboa2j yfemu m)g,25i1 q8h)ilxl(e electromagnetic interactib/ x)1 i,hme8if2o gl5jh2qu m)ayi(lon?

Which of the particle dec/zfu8 sa6 -7 lstloh*jays in Table 32-4 occur by the weak interaction?

Quarks have spin $\frac{1}{2}$. How do you account for the fact that baryons have spin $\frac{1}{2}$ or $\frac{3}{2}$, and mesons have spin 0 or 1?

Suppose there were a kind of "neutrinolet" that was massless, had no+ue6vph j. *dm color charge or electrical charge, and did not feel the weak force. Could you say te *6p+ dmvujh.hat this particle even exists?

  Is it possible for a particle to be both os s tfb,.e0al6y+rs3-pp wg 5
(a) a lepton and a baryon?  ----待选择----yesno 
(b) a baryon and a hadron? ----待选择----yesno 
(c) a meson and a quark? ----待选择----yesno 
(d) a hadron and a lepton?  ----待选择----yesno 
Explain.

Using the ideas of quantum chromodynamics, would it cn 9 )8sxy;qirbe possible to find particles made up of two quarks and no antiquarks? What about two qux9 rsq ni)y8c;arks and two antiquarks?

Why do neutrons decay when they are free but not when t vcpwb m tywj9+67.mau.9+f schey are inside the nucleubjp6.c. a9 y9cm++fwu7w vtms s?

  Is the reaction $e^- + p \to n + \nu_e$ possible? Explain.  ----待选择----yesno 

Occasionally, the $\pi^+$ will decay by the following reaction: $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$. Which of the four forces in nature is responsible for this decay? How do you know?

  What is the total energy of a proton whody (mb( zq69whse kinetic energy is 6.35 GeV?    GeV

  Calculate the wavelength of 35-GeV e ay4w7b8 e;aq -*vdapzlectrons. E =    $\times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  What strength of magnetic field is used in a cyclotron in whi9om1d-ctz lc7irp r ,9ch protons make $2.8 \times 10^7$ revolutions per second? $f$ =    T

  What is the time for one complete revolution for a very high-energy proton5i n62jatg ;;x i6vmbe9r* mds in the 1.0-km-radinige6; armjd 9vx25bi*ms;t6 us Fermilab accelerator? T =     $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{s}$

  If $\alpha$ particles are accelerated by the cyclotron of Example 32-2, what must be the frequency of the voltage applied to the dees? $f$ =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{Hz}$

  (a) If the cyclotron of Example p 0tyjbkp+,v1j6wqoifld 4rh)x8 2v 732-2 accelerated $\alpha$ particles, what maximum energy could they attain? What would their speed be? KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(b) Repeat for deuterons ($^2\text{H}$).KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(c) In each case, what frequency of voltage is required? $f$ =    Hz

  Which is better for picking out details of *7(u;hgtbfqc+3f0 qhcs (vp sthe nucleus: 30-MeV alpha particles or 30-MeV protons? Compare each of their wavelengths with 3 0fgqstsbfv( +c;(quh h*pc7the size of a nucleon in a nucleus.  ----待选择---- alpha particles protons 

  The voltage across the deesgd4jk,ou 3w vq0s6g ,n of a cyclotron is 55 kV. How many revolutions do prowggq0d 3uok,j4v,sn6 tons make to reach a kinetic energy of 25 MeV? $\approx $    $\ \text{revolutions}$

  What is the wavelengthxf n(ylg0o: -b ($\lambda$, maximum resolvable distance) of 7.0-TeV protons? E =    $\times 10^{-19}\ \text{m}$

  A cyclotron with a raq 6.t.zg6r8ls:kes6yi ooj+ idius of 1.0 m is to accelerate deuterons ($^2\text{H}$, mass $= 2.014$ u) to an energy of 12 MeV.
(a) What is the required magnetic field?$\approx $    T
(b) What frequency is needed for the voltage between the dees?$\simeq $    Hz
(c) If the potential difference between the dees averages 22 kV, how many revolutions will the particles make before exiting?$\approx$    $\ \text{revolutions}$
(d) How much time does it take for one deuteron to go from start to exit? $\Delta t$ =    $ \times 10^{-6}\ \text{s}$
(e) Estimate how far it travels during this time. distance =    m

  The 4.25-km-radius tunnel that will be used to house the magnetl4y) )aumr d8ds for the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) c4)8)m d rlyudaalls for proton beams of energy 7.0 TeV. What magnetic field will be required? B =    T

  The 1.0-km radius Fermilab Tevatron takes about 20 secon oviklx hzgw6:7ep+.+e o ,jk3ds to bring the energies of the stored protons from 150 GeV to 1.0 TeV. The acceleration is done once per turn. Estimate the energy given to the protonsx,g. hv6j3wp+z: o+eko 7elki on each turn. (You can assume that the speed of the protons is essentially $c$ the whole time.) Energy/revolution =    MeV/rev

Show that the energy of a particle (charge :z i t26rioyf7$e$) in a synchrotron, in the relativistic limit ($v \approx c$), is given by $E\ (\text{in eV}) = Brc$, where $B$ is magnetic field strength and $r$ the radius of the orbit (SI units).

  What magnetic field intensity is needed at -3lxn: ui4dhsthe 1.0-km-radius Fermilab synchrotron for 1.0-TeV protons? B = 4nh is ul-:x3d   T

  How much energy is released in the decayjrm t -f 3umb), h6sx;ikc33ms $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$? See Table 32–2.    MeV

  About how much energy is released when axr(;xq7g-o i;oub)0pj /s swv $\Sigma^+$ decays to $n + \pi^+$? (See Table 32–2.)    MeV

  How much energy is required to produce a neutron-antineutron pair? h nnt3bk8zye* b5 si:2   MeV

  Estimate the range of the str)q/edm g vcaz.b-3nj -ong force if the mediating particle were the kaon instea-jmbnc /.g3ed-azq v)d of the pion. $mc^2$ $\approx$    $ \times 10^{-16}\ \text{m}$

  Two protons are heading toward each otho cqfc*zw,5 p3er with equal speeds. What minimum kinetico53cc, pfqzw * energy must each have if a $\pi^0$ meson is to be created in the process? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  What minimum kinetic en2 m-,ytpatl4 gu2r5zt ergy must two neutrons each have if they are traveling at thel2at2pmz5u, t 4-yrtg same speed toward each other, collide, and produce a $\pi^0$ pair in addition to themselves? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  Estimate the range of the weak force using Eq. 32-3, given the masses lyskbx os363o*6- lg dof the W andg 6dl6y3lxoo3 *s- sbk Z particles as about 80 to $90\ \text{GeV}/c^2$. $mc^2$$\approx $    $\times 10^{-18}\ \text{m}$

  What are the wavelengths of the two photons produced yyp(sygkwbh0j; 6k ;r1v* iv6 when a proton and antiproton avy0hp ryij6w kgy(k;*1; b vs6t rest annihilate? $2m_0c^2$$\approx $    $ \times 10^{-15}\ \text{m}$

The $\Lambda^0$ cannot decay by the following reactions. What conservation law is violated in each of the reactions?
(a) $\Lambda^0 \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $\Lambda^0 \to p + K^-$
(c) $\Lambda^0 \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$

  For the decay $\Lambda^0 \to p + \pi^-$, calculate (a) the Q-value (energy released),Q=    MeV
(b) the kinetic energy of the p and $\pi^-$ assuming the $\Lambda^0$ decays from rest. (Use relativistic formulas.)
$KE_p$ =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

Show, by conserving momentum and energy, that it is impo*vk,a hc,.- r alvc iac8/h-inssible for an isolated electron to radiate only a single photon. (b) With this resultnachca* vih k,-8v /la ri,-c. in mind, how can you defend the photon exchange diagram in (Fig. Below)?

  What would be the wavelengths of the two photons produced when an electron and qb p,ur5x + hob7m,plsr 7(kwl9oda28a positron, each with 420 keV of kinetic enerb, +q(warlpdlmo7pho572 k8rbx ,s9u gy, annihilate head on? $\lambda $ $\approx $    $ \times 10^{-12}\ \text{m}$

  In the rare decay $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$, what is the kinetic energy of the positron? Assume the $\pi^+$ decays from rest. $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions and decays are possible? For those forbidt6,2 o,jrarkwden, explain what laws are violated6ktoj2 rw ,a,r.
(a) $\pi^- + p \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $p \to e^+ + \nu_e$
(c) $p + p \to p + e^+ + \pi^+$
(d) $\pi^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$
(e) $\mu^+ \to e^+ + \nu_\mu$
(f) $p \to n + e^+ + \nu_e$

  Calculate the kinetic en npli* ,dvxmpc/f+2 o0ergy of each of the two products in the decay $\Xi^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^-$. Assume the $\Xi^-$ decays from rest.
$\text{KE}_{\Lambda^0}$   MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$   MeV

  Could a $\pi^+$ meson be produced if a 100-MeV proton struck a proton at rest? What minimum kinetic energy must the incoming proton have? $\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  Calculate the maximum kinetic energy of the eu g 35zpmg.d+xlectron in the decay $\mu^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e + \nu_\mu$. [Hint: In what direction do the two neutrinos move relative to the electron in order to give the latter the maximum kinetic energy? Both energy and momentum are conserved; use relativistic formulas.] $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$    MeV

  Use (Fig. Below) to estimate the energy width and then the lifetimf6ezx5y-eu,utk zf 3 a2 u w5*b8avtd,e of the $\Delta$ resonance using the uncertainty principle.
$\Delta E$ =    MeV
$\Delta t$=    $ \times 10^{-24}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width of dh)hjo s3h4 +:dghpr)7m- zf cthe $\Upsilon$ meson is 88 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width of the 2xean,k62wgi u7g (ee $J/\psi$ (3685) meson is 277 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  What is the energy width (or uncertain5(wcpb-q z+b9rz * gxzty) of
(a) $\pi^0$, $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV
(b) $\Sigma^0$? (See Table 32-2.) $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV

The $B^-$ meson is a $b\bar{u}$ quark combination. (a) Show that this is consistent for all quantum numbers. (b) What are the quark combinations for $B^+$, $B^0$, $\bar{B}^0$?

Which of the following decays are povy /4ki39fslvg dvc8j0iet35ssible? For those that are forbidden, explaif8 kvjl3gi s4y /vt9v 30edci5n which laws are violated.
(a) $\Xi^0 \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^-$
(b) $\Omega^- \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^- + \nu$
(c) $\Sigma^0 \to \Delta^0 + \gamma + \gamma$

What are the quark combinati *dc3q*0dwusz e4u jg/ons that can form (a) a neutron, (b) an antineutron, c*4 d j0e*/sq3ugzdwu(c) a $\pi^+$, (d) a $K^-$?

What particles do the following quark combinat3 j ka g3t cme4zku;2ne,*4r3qd7if ikions produce: (a) $uud$, (b) $uu\bar{d}$, (c) $u\bar{s}$, (d) $\bar{d}u$, (e) $c\bar{s}$?

What is the quark combination needed toqzq 1 eoyr9w*upo1u1tg-nb14 produce a $D^+$ meson ($Q=B=S=0, c=+1$)?

The $D_s^+$ meson has $S=c=+1, B=0$. What quark combination would produce it?

Draw a possible Feynman diagram using quarks (as in Fig. Below) for qup*x glmd1; 9nr9-bmthe reaction b-mmudn*l pr9;1 g x9q$p + \pi^- \to n + \pi^0$.

Draw a Feynman diagram for the cjxbhp(:cjwsd lu r /:b( p(.8reaction $n + \nu_\mu \to p + \mu^-$.

  What is the total energy of a proton whose kinetic energyh0z9 (s k7 7qfji;)fbezec3 lp is 25 GeV? What is its wavhb7 z 3fl9pqfj07k sc(e z)i;eelength?
$\approx$    $ \ \text{GeV}$
$\lambda$ $= $    $ \times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  Assume there are $5.0 \times 10^{13}$ protons at 1.0 TeV stored in the 1.0-km-radius ring of the Tevatron.
(a) How much current (amperes) is carried by this beam?I =    A
(b) How fast would a 1500-kg car have to move to carry the same kinetic energy as this beam? v $\approx $    $ \times 10^2\ \text{m/s}$

  Protons are injected into th4km b m.p qg77juqq5)2o.ko yhe 1.0-km-radius Fermilab Tevatron with an energy of 150 GeV. If they are accelerated by 2.5 MV each revolutioukoy)g . qk .m7jqq 4hmb752opn, how far do they travel and approximately how long does it take for them to reach 1.0 TeV? d$\approx $    $ \times 10^9\ \text{m}$

  (a) How much energy is r) ty*q c7c7sfreleased when an electron and a positron annihilate each y ) 7*cqscfrt7other? $E_{\text{total}}$=    MeV
(b) How much energy is released when a proton and an antiproton annihilate each other? (All particles have $KE = 0$.) $E_{\text{total}}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions are possible, and by what interaction ct0 /l j6pz0* dtge (s/z stz*nvj;tsr:ould they occur? Fo 0 *;z*pg v r0tjtlzes:jst( snd/z6/tr those forbidden, explain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^+ + \Sigma^-$
(b) $p + \pi^+ \to K^+ + \Sigma^+$
(c) $p + \pi^- \to \Lambda^0 + K^0 + \pi^0$
(d) $p + \pi^+ \to \Sigma^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $p \to \pi^+ + e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$

Which of the following reactions arf-qm7f xb o0x,e possible, and by what interaction could the7xqf b0m,o-xf y occur? For those forbidden, explain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^0 + p + \pi^0$
(b) $p + K^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^0$
(c) $n + K^+ \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^0 + \gamma$
(d) $K^- \to \pi^- + \pi^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$

One decay mode for a 9ns r(*g, c .o3f+;thsf khc ,.jl/td4e ojeuy$\pi^+$ is $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$. What would be the equivalent decay for a $\pi^-$? Check conservation rules.

  Symmetry breaking occurs in the electroweak to4cpf054 tc7g pakb6x heory at about $10^{-18}\ \text{m}$. Show that this corresponds to an energy that is on the order of the mass of the W boson ($M_W c^2 \approx 80\ \text{GeV}$). $mc^2$$\approx$   GeV

  The mass of a $\pi^0$ can be measured by observing the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \pi^0 + n$ at very low incident $\pi^-$ kinetic energy (assume it is zero). The neutron is observed to be emitted with a kinetic energy of 0.60 MeV. Use conservation of energy and momentum to determine the $\pi^0$ mass. $E_{\pi^0}$ =    $MeV/c^2$

  Calculate the Q-value for each of the reactions, Eq. 32-4, for producingi(n6b3 /4+xl25 (rr mzju y4y nqpzuob a pion.n5m(u 4lyqrny2xb4z6 oizb/3j+ u p( r $Q$ =   $MeV$ or $Q$ =    $MeV$

  Calculate the Q-valuebywfj1xq;ti jw* l250 for the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \Lambda^0 + K^0$ when negative pions strike stationary protons. Estimate the minimum pion kinetic energy needed to produce this reaction. [Hint: Assume $\Lambda^0$ and $K^0$ move off with the same velocity.]
Q =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  How many fundamental fermions are tho,a q q:4 *2 ibtpuewf,mlz8+here in a water molecule?    fermions

  A proton and an antiproton annihilate each other at rest and produaf- gwy1 z9zr(ce two pions, 1-y (w 9zrfzag$\pi^-$ and $\pi^+$. What is the kinetic energy of each pion? $2m_pc^2$ =    MeV

  (a) Show that the so-called unificatilz 4 hp9w juc 4+tm0qg /yphibb4rv**1on distance of $10^{-31}\ \text{m}$ in grand unified theory is equivalent to an energy of about $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. Use the uncertainty principle, and also de Broglie's wavelength formula, and explain how they apply. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{16}$GeV E =    $ \times 10^{15}$
(b) Calculate the temperature corresponding to $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. E =    $10^{28} K$

For the reaction $p + p \to 3p + \bar{p}$, where one of the initial protons is at rest, use relativistic formulas to show that the threshold energy is $6m_p c^2$, equal to three times the magnitude of the Q-value of the reaction, where $m_p$ is the proton mass. [Hint: Assume all final particles have the same velocity.]

  The lifetimes listed ipiw(f11iix3+z(hcq n(hxf e1n Table 32-2 are in terms of proper time, measured in a reference frame where the particle is at rest. If a tau lepton is created with a kinetic energy of 450 MeV, how long would its track be as measuf+e(ixicqp1 1fix (z3n 1h(h wred in the lab, on average, ignoring any collisions? $\Delta x_{\text{lab}} = $    $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{m}$

Identify the missing particle in the following 1cxh. nnpq:eu:6l:l5 pnpop x2e a p/.reactions.
(a) $p + p \to p + n + \pi^+ + ?$
(b) $p + ? \to n + \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$

Use the quark model to de4zydhzb 3i -p od4d)g*scribe the reaction $p + n \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$.

What fraction of the hkr u6-hv r0i5mej. u6speed of light $c$ is the speed of a 7.0-TeV proton?