Give a reaction between two nucleons, similar to Eq. 32-4, that cb m1nw ;w;f khzvn1qj1nm-102 fiv,pdould produce a ;zjn1fv 0nhif,dw kw1b;nm2 q -1 m1vp$\pi^0$.

  If a proton is moving at very high speed,qw nz6 t0oy,(l so that its kinetic energy is much greater than its rest en6w(0, loz nqtyergy ($mc^2$), can it then decay via $p \to n + \pi^+$?  ----待选择----yesno 

What would an "antiatom," made up of the antiparticles to the constituents ofb9-dx4ww yn h6 normal atoms, consist of? What might happen if antimatter, made of such antiatoms, came in contact with ywxhndb 4w 9-6our normal world of matter?

What particle in a deca)6bl5 ohyv5c o+o1c dt- ej3zey signals the electromagnetic interaction?

Does the presence of a neutrino among the decu jzgn51jfi )+ay products of a particle necessarily mean that the decay occurs via the weak interaction? Do all decay)fjz +ug1n5 jis via the weak interaction produce a neutrino? Explain.

Why is it that a neutron decays via the weak interactionbn+ 4phgld( bgq1u2:0ud,sxn even though the neutron and one obxp40 1 dunubg:(sgh dl+,qn2 f its decay products (proton) are strongly interacting?

Which of the four interactions (strong, electromagnetic, weak, gravitational /sn :fl k/5uny9yf;uu) does an electron ta yunyl;:fs 9kn/fu5 u/ke part in? A neutrino? A proton?

Check that charge and baryon number are 18s9-1fxu 3zrubn i8rwqq7 eo,q.jcqconserved in each of the decays in Table 32j.q 8nqrci3 boq8 xfesqu 17z1ruw 9-,-2.

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-2 occur via the electromagnetic a c pm7u((3nfnp*op+ginteract c(7 mp3g n(np+auf*poion?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-2 occur by the weak interactiongut(m f(sr1 :n?

By what interaction, and why, 9j8x n0 wy2nradoes $\Sigma^0$ decay to $\Lambda^0 + \gamma$? What about $\Xi^-$ decaying to $\Lambda^0 + \pi^-$?

The $\Delta$ baryon has spin $\frac{3}{2}$, baryon number 1, and charge states $Q = +2, +1, 0, -1$. Why is there no charge state $Q = -2$?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-4 r42f2k mcwx5 ioccur via the electromagnetic interactiok2rc4fmiw x25n?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-4 occur by o ihun(/arc 6o(( s6rfthe weak interaction?

Quarks have spin $\frac{1}{2}$. How do you account for the fact that baryons have spin $\frac{1}{2}$ or $\frac{3}{2}$, and mesons have spin 0 or 1?

Suppose there were a k2 asktur7*m:gvo+ pq +ind of "neutrinolet" that was massless, had no color charge or electrical charge, and did not feel the weak force. Could you say that this+ovs kp*g uqt +mra72: particle even exists?

  Is it possible for a particle to be br :1yeu7v(le2 ya4e cmoth
(a) a lepton and a baryon?  ----待选择----yesno 
(b) a baryon and a hadron? ----待选择----yesno 
(c) a meson and a quark? ----待选择----yesno 
(d) a hadron and a lepton?  ----待选择----yesno 
Explain.

Using the ideas of quantumhz+(a.n ik:jvpq, , pp.do k/z chromodynamics, would it be possible to find particles made up of two quarks and no anq/z z,+kipjp(ap.o: nvh d,k.tiquarks? What about two quarks and two antiquarks?

Why do neutrons decay 47 +ifvev;wbqwhen they are free but not when they are inside the nucleus?vb ;4+fwv 7iqe

  Is the reaction $e^- + p \to n + \nu_e$ possible? Explain.  ----待选择----yesno 

Occasionally, the $\pi^+$ will decay by the following reaction: $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$. Which of the four forces in nature is responsible for this decay? How do you know?

  What is the total energy of a proton whose kineuhg,yq0-0nb m ,qf7fctic energy is 6.35 GeV?    GeV

  Calculate the wavelength of 35o2 ayd(i 72grz-GeV electrons. E =    $\times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  What strength of magnetic field is used in a cyclotp o *e n,8vjspys 4eg5bhh3fc1/v 10zxo t;t+bron in which protons make $2.8 \times 10^7$ revolutions per second? $f$ =    T

  What is the time for tb dal(9i 46 q2u;g8a*ixf tzlone complete revolution for a very high-energy proton in the 1.0-km-radius Fermila q(8gfxa9 li2zl* t di4ba6tu;b accelerator? T =     $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{s}$

  If $\alpha$ particles are accelerated by the cyclotron of Example 32-2, what must be the frequency of the voltage applied to the dees? $f$ =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{Hz}$

  (a) If the cyclotron of Examph-ng3 3 itm;6nbkp1 dhle 32-2 accelerated $\alpha$ particles, what maximum energy could they attain? What would their speed be? KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(b) Repeat for deuterons ($^2\text{H}$).KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(c) In each case, what frequency of voltage is required? $f$ =    Hz

  Which is better for pic a;g -m-f;rbiz89xdq dking out details of the nucleus: 30-MeV alpha particles or 30-MeV protons? Compare each of their wavelengths with -dfa ;9dm-x;qzb gir8 the size of a nucleon in a nucleus.  ----待选择---- alpha particles protons 

  The voltage across the dees of a cyclotron is 55 kVlea:xuwd-+y/ czry 1 .o3 bus5. How many revolutions do protons make to reach a kinetic energy of 3d+x-clr/b.e ou uywa 5y:sz125 MeV? $\approx $    $\ \text{revolutions}$

  What is the wavelengtfn* f( s0kgcuo 2w,*kph ($\lambda$, maximum resolvable distance) of 7.0-TeV protons? E =    $\times 10^{-19}\ \text{m}$

  A cyclotron with a radius of9cfeuyx l)+5j iwt/ ;y 1.0 m is to accelerate deuterons ($^2\text{H}$, mass $= 2.014$ u) to an energy of 12 MeV.
(a) What is the required magnetic field?$\approx $    T
(b) What frequency is needed for the voltage between the dees?$\simeq $    Hz
(c) If the potential difference between the dees averages 22 kV, how many revolutions will the particles make before exiting?$\approx$    $\ \text{revolutions}$
(d) How much time does it take for one deuteron to go from start to exit? $\Delta t$ =    $ \times 10^{-6}\ \text{s}$
(e) Estimate how far it travels during this time. distance =    m

  The 4.25-km-radius tunnel that will be used to house th5 9obfqw kt,p0his/,be magnets for the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) calls for proton beams of energy 7.pswoifq/h9b ,t50 , kb0 TeV. What magnetic field will be required? B =    T

  The 1.0-km radius Fermilab g2szknq0w+ 41fq 1vls,onw. x Tevatron takes about 20 seconds to bring the energies of the stored protons from 150 GeV to 1.0 TeV. The acceleration is done once per turn. Estqwgskqvn2 ,s.o1nzw 4x0 +1f limate the energy given to the protons on each turn. (You can assume that the speed of the protons is essentially $c$ the whole time.) Energy/revolution =    MeV/rev

Show that the energyhp:ozavr+ .f7 of a particle (charge $e$) in a synchrotron, in the relativistic limit ($v \approx c$), is given by $E\ (\text{in eV}) = Brc$, where $B$ is magnetic field strength and $r$ the radius of the orbit (SI units).

  What magnetic field intensity is needed at the 1.0-km-r,pa zxhtjf3,2/1ocqa2n7li hadius Fermilab synchrotron for 1,,1ox/i7 3c janf2phht2a lqz.0-TeV protons? B =    T

  How much energy is released in th2yptm 0 ybh7xjc/g6/7di h7qh e decay $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$? See Table 32–2.    MeV

  About how much energy is release8(ep,sl :mx m ,pd4jrcd when a $\Sigma^+$ decays to $n + \pi^+$? (See Table 32–2.)    MeV

  How much energy is required to produce a neutron-antineutro9 gs6 u5fh8;;gkkdythw):hst*6ty k on pair?    MeV

  Estimate the range of the strong force if th:vgh7 h/+ 5jlr cawoc/e mediating particle were the kaon instead l/ jc : /hv7aorwg+hc5of the pion. $mc^2$ $\approx$    $ \times 10^{-16}\ \text{m}$

  Two protons are heading towar9 70b,rp rnprsd each other with equal speeds. What minimum kinetic energy mus,7n pr90 pbrsrt each have if a $\pi^0$ meson is to be created in the process? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  What minimum kinetic energy must two neutrons eac j 0t3g1;7u.kchlu.adht:8 mzx wqu i7h have if they are traveling atu71kx .m.ujhu0iqcw hadl:3t t7 ;z8g the same speed toward each other, collide, and produce a $\pi^0$ pair in addition to themselves? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  Estimate the range ofm r *n/ew;,sch the weak force using Eq. 32-3, given the masses of the W and Z particles csn ;/mh *,erwas about 80 to $90\ \text{GeV}/c^2$. $mc^2$$\approx $    $\times 10^{-18}\ \text{m}$

  What are the wavelengths of the t7c9quwt pf)7*k4sb9s nb i9zp z-b+puwo photons produced when a proton and antiproton at rest annihil9k* t)bz p-u7bsw+ u zp9ns79 bqicpf4ate? $2m_0c^2$$\approx $    $ \times 10^{-15}\ \text{m}$

The $\Lambda^0$ cannot decay by the following reactions. What conservation law is violated in each of the reactions?
(a) $\Lambda^0 \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $\Lambda^0 \to p + K^-$
(c) $\Lambda^0 \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$

  For the decay $\Lambda^0 \to p + \pi^-$, calculate (a) the Q-value (energy released),Q=    MeV
(b) the kinetic energy of the p and $\pi^-$ assuming the $\Lambda^0$ decays from rest. (Use relativistic formulas.)
$KE_p$ =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

Show, by conserving momentum and energy, that it is impossible for an iso-pxsfq .y9;y xl e-to5lated electron to radiate only a single photon. (b) With this result in mind, how can 9x.5fop q-xtey -sl; yyou defend the photon exchange diagram in (Fig. Below)?

  What would be the wavelengths of the two photons produced when a)yail 0jokvm(1xo22z+oryvn hg7 g/9 n electron and a positron, each with 420 keV of kinetic o v1ojy2rgn 9ml/k i2(xahgoz y)0+v 7energy, annihilate head on? $\lambda $ $\approx $    $ \times 10^{-12}\ \text{m}$

  In the rare decay $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$, what is the kinetic energy of the positron? Assume the $\pi^+$ decays from rest. $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions and decays are4.tksep3,4+c xk8 t q w5rargo)y,fpr possible? For those forbidden, explain what lagft+r 5k8), 4kro. sextpq4 yrpw 3a,cws are violated.
(a) $\pi^- + p \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $p \to e^+ + \nu_e$
(c) $p + p \to p + e^+ + \pi^+$
(d) $\pi^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$
(e) $\mu^+ \to e^+ + \nu_\mu$
(f) $p \to n + e^+ + \nu_e$

  Calculate the kinetic energy of each of the tw3x p7myr s2p347:cex y/zon dso products in the decay $\Xi^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^-$. Assume the $\Xi^-$ decays from rest.
$\text{KE}_{\Lambda^0}$   MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$   MeV

  Could a $\pi^+$ meson be produced if a 100-MeV proton struck a proton at rest? What minimum kinetic energy must the incoming proton have? $\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  Calculate the maximum kinet(lvdkd l6,0jpp0 +hz;h +xeodic energy of the electron in the decay $\mu^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e + \nu_\mu$. [Hint: In what direction do the two neutrinos move relative to the electron in order to give the latter the maximum kinetic energy? Both energy and momentum are conserved; use relativistic formulas.] $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$    MeV

  Use (Fig. Below) to estimate the energy width and then the lifetime 2aso3p2-tec)pr l h njj5(t )lof the $\Delta$ resonance using the uncertainty principle.
$\Delta E$ =    MeV
$\Delta t$=    $ \times 10^{-24}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width of the v2o) c luo+lmwk3:6 ji$\Upsilon$ meson is 88 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width of taz6xpc 4y6qv9he $J/\psi$ (3685) meson is 277 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  What is the energy width (or uncertainty) of +vj/e)sx4v5 v xhkj*n
(a) $\pi^0$, $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV
(b) $\Sigma^0$? (See Table 32-2.) $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV

The $B^-$ meson is a $b\bar{u}$ quark combination. (a) Show that this is consistent for all quantum numbers. (b) What are the quark combinations for $B^+$, $B^0$, $\bar{B}^0$?

Which of the following decays are possible? For those that w2qstr pw p(h.*o oc56are forbidden, explai5sp qowow.h c*p26tr (n which laws are violated.
(a) $\Xi^0 \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^-$
(b) $\Omega^- \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^- + \nu$
(c) $\Sigma^0 \to \Delta^0 + \gamma + \gamma$

What are the quark combinations that c,u: g9ses0:q: - drjgft 4hyvzan form (a) a neutron, (b) an antineutron, (c) ae:gy,v:g :djutsf 9 4q-hrsz0 $\pi^+$, (d) a $K^-$?

What particles do the following quark combizkvcg 4p ;bs48.wpg j0nations produce: (a) $uud$, (b) $uu\bar{d}$, (c) $u\bar{s}$, (d) $\bar{d}u$, (e) $c\bar{s}$?

What is the quark combination needed to pdzulnb , v6(qo uz 4cykp04v9(roduce a $D^+$ meson ($Q=B=S=0, c=+1$)?

The $D_s^+$ meson has $S=c=+1, B=0$. What quark combination would produce it?

Draw a possible Feynman diagram using quarks (as in Fig. Below) fo;vy) koi kbg(fep:ujmj-j 2/wnodh/3 70fue;r the reaction /jw ;e)0emhu:3uk2oyf nv o(dj i pg;7-bkj/f$p + \pi^- \to n + \pi^0$.

Draw a Feynman diagram for the renvhxp dgy.;( x6;ytrsxo1 (+l action $n + \nu_\mu \to p + \mu^-$.

  What is the total energq +(z9 lnh(xej5: pflq+)xcrx y of a proton whose kinetic energy is 25 GeV? What is its z+ 9( rlx :efxnlhjp)5x(cq +qwavelength?
$\approx$    $ \ \text{GeV}$
$\lambda$ $= $    $ \times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  Assume there are $5.0 \times 10^{13}$ protons at 1.0 TeV stored in the 1.0-km-radius ring of the Tevatron.
(a) How much current (amperes) is carried by this beam?I =    A
(b) How fast would a 1500-kg car have to move to carry the same kinetic energy as this beam? v $\approx $    $ \times 10^2\ \text{m/s}$

  Protons are injected into the 1.0-km q **:sh48.ybmj5jxgsipaa 1s-radius Fermilab Tevatron with an energy of 150 GeV. If they are accelerated :b*s hsm.4xjgj aipq85* s 1ayby 2.5 MV each revolution, how far do they travel and approximately how long does it take for them to reach 1.0 TeV? d$\approx $    $ \times 10^9\ \text{m}$

  (a) How much energy is released,kgcl4f 38ddz when an electron and a positron annihilate each oth3kfdg,cz l4d8 er? $E_{\text{total}}$=    MeV
(b) How much energy is released when a proton and an antiproton annihilate each other? (All particles have $KE = 0$.) $E_{\text{total}}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions are possible,ck:mv8cy*ico4 umx*2 and by what interaction could they occur? For those forbidden, explain whyc uo mim**24xv cyk:c8.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^+ + \Sigma^-$
(b) $p + \pi^+ \to K^+ + \Sigma^+$
(c) $p + \pi^- \to \Lambda^0 + K^0 + \pi^0$
(d) $p + \pi^+ \to \Sigma^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $p \to \pi^+ + e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$

Which of the following reactions are po7y1ebgkr,uwy,w i s9+k i3: rzssible, and by what interaction could they occur? For those forbiddu1,yi 97 ,3rwr+ ekwysk:zib gen, explain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^0 + p + \pi^0$
(b) $p + K^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^0$
(c) $n + K^+ \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^0 + \gamma$
(d) $K^- \to \pi^- + \pi^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$

One decay mode for a;) g0wei9:jvtfl dlbeqk16q5 $\pi^+$ is $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$. What would be the equivalent decay for a $\pi^-$? Check conservation rules.

  Symmetry breaking occurs in the electroweak ) vtic2i-l3gatheory at about $10^{-18}\ \text{m}$. Show that this corresponds to an energy that is on the order of the mass of the W boson ($M_W c^2 \approx 80\ \text{GeV}$). $mc^2$$\approx$   GeV

  The mass of a $\pi^0$ can be measured by observing the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \pi^0 + n$ at very low incident $\pi^-$ kinetic energy (assume it is zero). The neutron is observed to be emitted with a kinetic energy of 0.60 MeV. Use conservation of energy and momentum to determine the $\pi^0$ mass. $E_{\pi^0}$ =    $MeV/c^2$

  Calculate the Q-value for each of the reactions, Eq. 32-4, for produci33s-3eus*tc mh m:ti bng a pion. s3utmbt3h ce:si* m-3 $Q$ =   $MeV$ or $Q$ =    $MeV$

  Calculate the Q-value lt f3-henl g.7rizn* ,for the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \Lambda^0 + K^0$ when negative pions strike stationary protons. Estimate the minimum pion kinetic energy needed to produce this reaction. [Hint: Assume $\Lambda^0$ and $K^0$ move off with the same velocity.]
Q =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  How many fundamental fermions are axnyzfe v69 i-h1z8k-there in a water molecule?    fermions

  A proton and an antiproton annihilate each other at rest and produce two-hh qcdd(0 6p *y,jj0)wio 4snb zm*dv pions, 6p jh-n4cq *dvd )b mshw0(, yj*0iozd$\pi^-$ and $\pi^+$. What is the kinetic energy of each pion? $2m_pc^2$ =    MeV

  (a) Show that the so-called unification distance jxu-so*tvm xtwhzk x.13(o-* of $10^{-31}\ \text{m}$ in grand unified theory is equivalent to an energy of about $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. Use the uncertainty principle, and also de Broglie's wavelength formula, and explain how they apply. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{16}$GeV E =    $ \times 10^{15}$
(b) Calculate the temperature corresponding to $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. E =    $10^{28} K$

For the reaction $p + p \to 3p + \bar{p}$, where one of the initial protons is at rest, use relativistic formulas to show that the threshold energy is $6m_p c^2$, equal to three times the magnitude of the Q-value of the reaction, where $m_p$ is the proton mass. [Hint: Assume all final particles have the same velocity.]

  The lifetimes listed in Table 32-2 are in terms,g 7lcz6p 1 ggxyvg/af .dfs-: of proper time, measured in a reference frame where the particle is at rest. If a tau lepton is created with a kinetic energy of 450 s cx 7.ly gpgf6ggza-,1fv/d:MeV, how long would its track be as measured in the lab, on average, ignoring any collisions? $\Delta x_{\text{lab}} = $    $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{m}$

Identify the missing particle in the following reactioam k.7t2ka ;*f 82ih zevy8cfljnd :d6ns.
(a) $p + p \to p + n + \pi^+ + ?$
(b) $p + ? \to n + \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$

Use the quark model to describe the reactio3rasd ;lcmz .e/6 *mqen $p + n \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$.

What fraction of the s sld7. dx1oo*8lc7de speed of light $c$ is the speed of a 7.0-TeV proton?