Why is the depth of field greater, and the image sharper, whenx,g 88ogc5 bwx a camera lens is “stopped down” to a larger f-numbe g885xgcb,o wxr? Ignore diffraction.

Describe how diffraction affects the statement that t imkte ie*wo64 u *1ryy pg::rhauz q((mj.f44he depth of field is greater and (u *oi:re(heq y 4jzpi amur:g.y*fwm414tk6the image sharper when a camera lens is “stopped down” to a larger f-number.

Why must a camera lens be moved farther from the film to focus on a ouaz a: )nynv 9,x3i5qcloser objec 5xnq3iv u)o9ayzn, a:t?

Why are bifocals needed mainly by older perp3bc 68kplo6h hal4 5k/hqzp*u p2-ccsons and not generally by younger peoch zlp6k4k6pp h u*qao8c b53c2l-/p hple?

  Will a nearsighted person who wears corrective lenses in her glasses be abls dveus46y u/id5(h h9e to see clearly under6hdu(/ye hd 4s s59vuiwater when wearing those glasses?  ----待选择----yesno Use a diagram to show why or why not.

You can tell whether a person is nearsighted or farsighted by looking g1mqs:s ,zdz2( )wa yi;y wb0huf-(nxat the width of the face through their glasses. If the person’s face appears narrower through h)z1 2g:(wysminxdbu-f(,0;q asw zythe glasses (Fig. Below), is the person farsighted or nearsighted?

In attempting to discern distant details, people will:ys id l+z9l3 ,hxom3wdmq-7f sometimes squint. Why does tddfll79iyh+ -wqzmm3 :3o, xshis help?

Is the image formed on the retina of the h9.do57+uz0 b.nu fxgz dhk0d tuman eye upright or inverted? Discuss the implications of this for our perception of obje9go5nfht xb7 .zud00 zud+ d.kcts.

The human eye is much like a caat2- wc8 i;go+d puc)hmera — yet, when a camera shutter is left open and the cam c-pao 28g)+wcuhdi;tera is moved, the image will be blurred; but when you move your head with your eyes open, you still see clearly. Explain.

  Reading glasses use converging lenses. A simple magnifier is also ,8g; 6hdao mipa converging lens. Are 8m;adi ,po6hgreading glasses therefore magnifiers? ----待选择----yesno  Discuss the similarities and differences between converging lenses as used for these two different purposes.

Inexpensive microscopes for chivgx3suw2ki 94ldren’s use usually produce images that are colored at the edge ix4w3skg2u 9vs. Why?

Spherical aberration in a thin lens is mc d((y) b6.bki9qpf-qbleev o87zhjvh7vo1;inimized if rays are bent equally by the two surfaces. If a planoconvex lens is used to form a real image of an object at infinity, which surface should face the object? Use rh;(vo qk1hcbi fl.6oe) v(-qd7 bz j7y9b vep8ay diagrams to show why.

Which aberrations present in a simple lens are not present (jxxjiw6a;*n 6 *+j uhbtjro80or are greatly reduced) in the human ei *wtxbju;j *jorj+ x8n6h06aye?

Explain why chromatic aberration o5+l)jwddqb 8qb i7 j1mccurs for thin lenses but not for mirrors.

  By what factor can you improve resolution, other things b(8gy4kszkwf 6 6ueow7 dea0x)eing equal, if you use blue lighzu76wyd(08sw4 k) exkgfoa6 et ($\lambda=450mm$) rather than red (700 $nm$)?  

Give at least two advantages for the use of large refs)fv) n j.xo,5x-f acpy t,9lilecting mirrors in astronomical telescopvx9.cosp),, fl)a-xfi yn j t5es.

Which color of visible light would give the best resolutisvre+dixd /.1*evbt1 on in a microscope? Explaiv1d eber.1sx+*t/ v din.

  Atoms have diameters of a vg(-p aa f0d)*my,bhcbout $10^{-8}\,$cm$. Can visible light be used to “see” an atom? ----待选择----yesno  Explain.

  A 55-mm-focal-length lens has f-stops raha3,kih /mcb2v ak2g+nging from $f/1.4$ to $f/22$. What is the corresponding range of lens diaphragm diameters?    $\mathrm{mm}\leq D\leq$    $\mathrm{mm}$

  A television camera lens has a b2c *v7yzdd/ vrvvy6lai85y te- ya 0(14-$cm$ focal length and a lens diameter of 6.0 $cm$. What is its $f$-number? $f$/  

  A light meter reports 2u0 l(h;zs:xc f/yi u+mi5lxmthat a camera setting of $\frac{1}{250}\,s$ at $f/5.6$ will give a correct exposure. But the photographer wishes to use $f/11$ to increase the depth of field. What should the shutter speed be?$t_2$ = 1/   s

  A properly exposed photoj 1zp c*/-;we dr nbzki6r* 0tmjz*iz/graph is taken at $f/16$ and $\frac{1}{60}\,s$ What lens opening would be required if the shutter speed were $\frac{1}{1000}\,s$? $f$/  

  If an $f$ = 135-mm telephoto lens is designed to cover object distances from 1.2 m to $\infty $, over what distance must the lens move relative to the plane of the film?    mm

  A 200-mm-focal-length lev lcr::zxy/* .3dkiew ns can be adjusted so that it is 200.0 mm to 206.0 mm from the film. For what range of object distances can it be adjusted? r3k:y wd*xecz/.iv l:   $\mathrm{m}\leq d_{\circ}\leq\infty$

  A nature photographer 3p rz8olx+k7ht93bib wishes to photograph a 28-mtall tree from a distance of 58 m. What focal-length lens should be used if the imaxl38pkb +o zbh73 r9tige is to fill the 24-mm height of the film?    mm

A “pinhole” camera uses az+w- bjoa1u,g tiny pinhole instead of a lens. Show, using ray diagrams, how reasonably sharp images ca 1z-b,wj auog+n be formed using such a pinhole camera. In particular, consider two point objects 2.0 $cm$ apart that are 1.0 m from a 1.0-mm-diameter pinhole. Show that on a piece of film 7.0 $cm$ behind the pinhole the two objects produce two separate circles that do not overlap.

  Suppose that a correct ed+hjgn-,b do 4xposure is $\frac{1}{250}\,s$ at $f/11$ Under the same conditions, what exposure time would be needed for a pinhole camera (Problem 8) if the pinhole diameter is 1.0 mm and the film is 7.0 $cm$ from the hole? $t_2$ = 1/   s

  A human eyeball is abouttoff4 c5/bg +i 2.0 $cm$ long, and the pupil has a maximum diameter of about 8.0 mm. What is the “speed” of this lens? $ f-stop$ = f/  

  If the nearsighted person in Example 25–6 wore contact lenses corrected for th+tx d4hezi zx m7y-(o/e f4ey(d-xzi +t xo m7hz/ar point $(=\,\infty)$ show that the near point would be 41 $cm$. (Would glasses be better in this case?) glasses would be  ----待选择----betterworse 

  Reading glasses of what powergtgr m/nw/2v8 ,7agv ksh70zr are needed for a person whose near point is 115 $cm$, so that he can read a computer screen at 55 $cm$? Assume a lens–eye distance of 1.8 $cm$.+    D

  A person has a far pointdu1)v-f9. (jvz+kl wf pn)dgz of 14 $cm$. What power glasses would correct this vision if the glasses were placed 2.0 $cm$ from the eye?    What power contact lenses, placed on the eye, would the person need?   

  A person struggles to read by holding a book at arm’s length, a distance zwz h+sx2 9z9cof 45 $cm$ away (= near point). What power of reading glasses should be prescribed for him, assuming they will be placed 2.0 $cm$ from the eye and he wants to read at the normal near point of 25 $cm$? +    D

  A person’s left eye is corrected by a 2x, kplu(fzw+ $-3.50-diopter$ lens, 2.0 $cm$ from the eye.
(a) Is this person’s left eye near- or farsighted?  ----待选择----nearsightedfarsighted 
(b) What is this eye’s far point without glasses?    cm

  A person’s right eye can see objects clearly only ifqdvbqm+t:q px.(-b 0 )fhg7ik they are between 25 $cm$ and 75 $cm$ away.
(a) What power of contact lens is required so that objects far away are sharp? -    D
(b) What will be the near point with the lens in place?    cm

  About how much longer is the nearsighted eye in Example 25–6 than they .oa4cx0g- q79jp w: bgeunw: 2.0 $cm$ of a normal eye?    cm

  One lens of a nearsighted person’s eyeglavfgkw q *c/0i-sses has a focal length of $-22.0 \, cm$ and the lens is 1.8 $cm$ from the eye. If the person switches to contact lenses that are placed directly on the eye, what should be the focal length of the corresponding contact lens?    cm

  What is the focal length of the eye–lens systogn+6ao l q8yxfn-.( nem when viewing an object
(a) at infinity,    cm
(b) 33 $cm$ from the eye? Assume that the lens–retina distance is 2.0 $cm$.   cm

  A nearsighted person has near and f -uptbd. mm n1( ojf linfh+s2/e/ix91ar points of 10.0 and 20.0 $cm$, respectively. If she puts on contact lenses with power $P\,=\,-4.00D$, what are her new near and far points?
near point    cm
far point    cm

  What is the magnification of a 7 06cdy ds-wpxtju-k 9lens used with a relaxed eye if its focal length -d-xpd9 j u0tyk7wsc6 is 12 $cm$? =    $\times$

  What is the focal length of a magnifying glass of 2qkxqjkg35r4ilf3 i7, h3 u q2:siwvp $3.5\times$ magnification for a relaxed normal eye?    cm

  A magnifier is rated-s1zfaz*8u cg r* xnm. at $2.5\times$for a normal eye focusing on an image at the near point.
(a) What is its focal length?    cm
(b) What is its focal length if the $2.5\times$ refers to a relaxed eye?    cm

  Sherlock Holmes is using a 9.0oy0 w katuv4/naz1u;c:/z8 lm 0-$cm$-focal-length lens as his magnifying glass. To obtain maximum magnification, where must the object be placed (assume a normal eye), and what will be the magnification?
$d_o$ =    cm from the lens
M =    $\times$

  A 3.30-mm-wide beetle is viewed with a 9.50-dc4/:qf-x sfnn x a5cp)qz*, d$cm$-focal-length lens. A normal eye views the image at its near point. Calculate
(a) the angular magnification, =    $\times$
(b) the width of the image,    mm
(c) the object distance from the lens.    cm from the lens

  A small insect is plbn e(w h,cme. +vw5jb+aced 5.55 $cm$ from a $+6.00-$cm$-focal-length$ lens. Calculate
(a) the position of the image,    cm
(b) the angular magnification. =    $\times$

  A magnifying glass with a focal let0a/0l 6rcju tngth of 8.5 $cm$ is used to read print placed at a distance of 7.5 $cm$. Calculate
(a) the position of the image;    cm
(b) the angular magnification. =    $\times$

  A magnifying glass is rated atfp7m6t6.on-m wojbt7r j w:: pgz d(qcz7 mn.7 $3.0\times$ for a normal eye that is relaxed. What would be the magnification of this lens for a relaxed eye whose near point is
(a) 55 $cm$, =    $\times$
(b) 16 $cm$? Explain the differences. =    $\times$

  What is the magnification of an astronomical telescoy+9 4c;pnyqsqkqh4( bpe whose objective lens has a focal length of ycbq9; hn+s pqkq (4y476 $cm$ and whose eyepiece has a focal length of 2.8 $cm$? What is the overall length of the telescope when adjusted for a relaxed eye?
M =    $\times$
L =    $\times$

  The overall magnificatmz /vg 7;rnl3xion of an astronomical telescope is desired to be 25$\times$. If an objective of 78$-cm$ focal length is used,
what must be the focal length of the eyepiece? $f_e$ =    cm
What is the overall length of the telescope when adjusted for use by the relaxed eye? L =    cm

  An 8.0$\times$ binocular has 2.8$-$cm$-focal-length$ eyepieces. What is the focal length of the objective lenses?    cm

  An astronomical telescope has an objectivetc yrg)fo+6o xj1f pv4, 3z/xq with focal length 85 $cm$ and a $+35-D$ eyepiece. What is the total magnification? =    $\times$

  An astronomical telescope has its r feuhacj 26 3 7-h:tnao0)cg)aapwl1 two lenses spaced 75.2 $cm$ apart. If the objective lens has a focal length of 74.5 $cm$, what is the magnification of this telescope? Assume a relaxed eye. =    $\times$

  A Galilean telescope adjuste (di8v qf.0kdbd5/pwpd for a relaxed eye is 32.8 $cm$ long. If the objective lens has a focal length of 36.0 $cm$, what is the magnification? =    $\times$

  What is the magnifying power of a( qg6p 8unh1cin astronomical telescope using a reflecting mirror whose radius of curva1hg 68nqp(uci ture is 6.0 $m$ and an eyepiece whose focal length is 3.2 $cm$? =    $\times$

  The Moon’s image appears to b nkhue;p685pvp0rl7l e magnified 120$\times$ by a reflecting astronomical telescope with an eyepiece having a focal length of 3.2 $cm$. What are the focal length and radius of curvature of the main (objective) mirror? M =    m r =    m

  A 170$\times$ astronomical telescope is adjusted for a relaxed eye when the two lenses are 1.25 m apart. What is the focal length of each lens?
$f_e$ =    mm
$f_o$ =    m

  A reflecting telescope (Fig.i- tx.xuuli8 /h3s4zr l 8 vyd6(fopg0 Below) has a radius of curvature of 3.0 m for its objective mirror and a radiy6x-l .i oix gf8v430zuuds(tr/8 lphus of curvature of $-1.50m$ for its eyepiece mirror. If the distance between the two mirrors is 0.90 m, how far in front of the eyepiece should you place the photographic film to record the image of a star? $d_{2i}$ =    m

  A microscope uses an eyepiece wito* yxgviy7hr*z0 :rj 81f+vtvh a focal length of 1.40 $cm$. Using a normal eye with a final image at infinity, the tube length is 17.5 $cm$ and the focal length of the objective lens is 0.65 $cm$. What is the magnification of the microscope? =    $\times$

  A 620 $\times$ microscope uses a 0.40-$cm$-focal-length objective lens. If the tube length is 17.5 $cm$, what is the focal length of the eyepiece? Assume a normal eye and that the final image is at infinity. $f_e$ =    cm

  A 17-$cm$-long microscope has an eyepiece with a focal length of 2.5 $cm$ and an objective with a focal length of 0.28 $cm$. What is the approximate magnification?    $times$

  A microscope has a 12 ns*)o;tnys/r88 u k huvfc4+e.0$times$ eyepiece and a 59.0$times$ objective lens 20.0 $cm$ apart. Calculate
(a) the total magnification,    $times$
(b) the focal length of each lens, $f_e$ =    cm $f_o$ =    cm
(c) where the object must be for a normal relaxed eye to see it in focus. $d_o$ =    cm

  A microscope has a 1.8-).9y.bysdah :fh yy z)$cm$-focal-length eyepiece and a 0.80-$cm$ objective lens. Assuming a relaxed normal eye, calculate
(a) the position of the object if the distance between the lenses is 16.0 $cm$, $d_{oo}$ =    cm
(b) the total magnification.    $times$

  Repeat Problem 61 assuming that the final image is loc;sqx s/ekd00 l2+x1rm zk su2qated 25 $cm$ from the eyepiece (near point of a normal eye). $d_{oo}$ =    cm   $times$

  The eyepiece of a compound microscopejy . uzyuab v642mc81h has a focal length of 2.70 $cm$, and the objective lens has $f=0.740\mathrm{~cm}$. If an object is placed 0.790 $cm$ from the objective lens, calculate
(a) the distance between the lenses when the microscope is adjusted for a relaxed eye, $l$ =    cm
(b) the total magnification.    $\times$

  An achromatic lens is made of twoxeae maw);:rw xh3(0p very thin lenses, placed in contact, that have fo3waamer0;h p )ew:(xxcal lengths of $f_1=-28\mathrm{~cm}$ and $f_2=+23\mathrm{~$cm$}.$
(a) Is the combination converging or diverging?  ----待选择----convergingdiverging 
(b) What is the net focal length?    m

  Let’s examine spherical aberration in a particular situation. A planoconvexv6g d fz(in54,(,r eehkgidj 5y8 +kiu lens of indexyk,d + jg5iz u6(5k(n4eidev8ir,g fh of refraction 1.50 and radius of curvature $R=12.0\mathrm{~$cm$}$ is shown in (Fig. Below). Consider an incoming ray parallel to the principal axis and a height h above it as shown. Determine the distance d, from the flat face of the lens, to where this ray crosses the principal axis if
(a) $h=1.0\mathrm{~$cm$},$ $d_1$ =    cm
(b) $h=6.0\mathrm{~$cm$},$ $d_2$ =    cm
(c) How far apart are these “focal points”? $\Delta d$ =    cm
(d) What is the radius of the “circle of least confusion” produced by the $h=6.0-\mathrm{~$cm$},$ ray at the “focal point” for $h=1.0\mathrm{~$cm$},$? r =    cm

  What is the angular resoluti: v.qpi,c6m /l2s fvqlyta2v 8on limit (degrees) set by diffraction for the 100-inmcvl. qp:,2vlf/ staq v6y 28i. (254-$cm$ mirror diameter) Mt. Wilson telescope ($\lambda=550\mathrm{~nm}$)?   $ \times10^{ -5}\;^{\circ}$

  Suppose that you wish to construct a telescope that can g+ zlwx+ (d+6v p9cmy2*aramqresolve features 7.0 $km$ across on the Moon, 384,000 $km$ away. You have a 2.0-$m$-focal-length objective lens whose diameter is 11.0 $cm$.
What focal-length eyepiece is needed if your eye can resolve objects 0.10 $mm$ apart at a distance of 25 $cm$? $f_e$ =    cm
What is the resolution limit (radians) set by the size of the objective lens (that is, by diffraction)?
Use $\lambda=550\mathrm{~nm.}$ $\theta$   $ \times10^{ -6}\;rad$

  The normal lens on a 35-mm camera has a focaspm8mj : e-7z sqj6v;dl length of 50.0 $mm$. Its aperture diameter varies from a maximum of 25 $mm$ $(f/2)$ to a minimum of 3.0 mm $(f/16)$. Determine the resolution limit set by diffraction for $f/2$ and $f/16$. Specify as the number of lines per millimeter resolved on the film. Take $\lambda=550\mathrm{~nm.}$
For $\frac{f}{2}$ we have $\frac{1}{RP_2}$ =    lines/mm
For $\frac{f}{16}$ we have $\frac{1}{RP_2}$ =    lines/mm

  Two stars 15 light-years away are barely resolved by a9cc0jp wtrg5 - 55-$cm$ (mirror diameter) telescope. How far apart are the stars? Assume $\lambda=550\mathrm{~nm.}$ and that the resolution is limited by diffraction.   $ \times10^{11 }\;m$

  (a) How far away can a human eye distinguish two car headlightn :ou-xc: jst(s 2.0 $m$ apart? Consider only diffraction effects and assume an eye pupil diameter of 5.0 $mm$ and a wavelength of 550 $nm$.
L =    km
(b) What is the minimum angular separation an eye could resolve when viewing two stars, considering only diffraction effects? In reality, it is about of arc. Why is it not equal to your answer in (b)? $\theta$ =    $\times 10^{-3}$ $^{\circ}$

  The Earth and Moon are sep7e91m tak dcyfzk,6 n;arated by about $400\times10^6\mathrm{~m.}$ When Mars is $8\times10^{10}\mathrm{~m}$ from Earth, could a person standing on Mars resolve the Earth and its Moon as two separate objects without a telescope? Assume a pupil diameter of 5 $mm$ and $\lambda=550\mathrm{~nm}.$  ----待选择----yesno 

  X-rays of wavelength 0.133 nm fall on a crystal whose 9 k(obwcu-x) vc:it );ij3cxdatoms, lying in planes, are )cc- 3vtx)k od: ;u9ibcwxj i(spaced 0.280 $nm$ apart. At what angle \phi (relative to the surface, Fig. Below) must the X-rays be directed if the first diffraction maximum is to be observed? $\phi $ =    $^{\circ}\,$

  X-rays of wavelength 0.0973 nm are directed at an unknown coyb/,a my6rwd)v6 m r6rystal. The second diffraction maximum is recorded when the X-od6 6 , wmb)vmryay/r6rays are directed at an angle of $\mathrm{23.4°}$ relative to the crystal surface. What is the spacing between crystal planes? d =    nm

  First-order Bragg diffraction is observed at 7ndv 43dedoh3 $\mathrm{25.2°}$ related to the crystal surface, with spacing between atoms of 0.24 $nm$.
(a) At what angle will second order be observed? $\phi_2 $=    $^{\circ}\,$
(b) What is the wavelength of the X-rays? $\lambda $ =    nm

  (a) Suppose for a conventional X-ray image that the X-ray beamno/xab0g j2u4 consists of parallel rays. Whag/ n2a j04uxobt would be the magnification of the image? a the magnification is   
(b) Suppose, instead, the X-rays come from a point source (as in Fig. Below) that is 15 $cm$ in front of a human body 25 $cm$ thick, and the film is pressed against the person’s back. Determine and discuss the range of magnifications that results. $m_1$ =    the magnification is  

  Sam purchases $+3.50-diopter$ eyeglasses which correct his faulty vision to put his near point at 25 $cm$. (Assume he wears the lenses 2.0 $cm$ from his eyes.)
(a) Calculate the focal length of Sam’s glasses.    cm
(b) Calculate Sam’s near point without glasses. his near point is    cm
(c) Pam, who has normal eyes with near point at 25 $cm$, puts on Sam’s glasses. Calculate Pam’s near point with Sam’s glasses on.    cm from her eyes

  As early morning passed toward midday, and the sunlight got more intense, a bn 9h(1an1o: lpm3gh1 8kp 9a4qdjw gdphotographer noted that, if she kept her shutter speed constant, she had to chando dpknqn a9am38h 41p1g:w jg(1bh9lge the $f$-number from $f/5.6$ to $f/22$. By what factor had the sunlight intensity increased during that time? $I_2$ =    $I_1$

Show that for objects very far away (assume/4fg.0 u3 *cj nuzktdl/v oaj7 infinity), the magnification of a camera lens is proportid0a n7/4/k jgftvz*.u3 oujlconal to its focal length.

  For a camera equipped with31hgucwq g8q n;g-ev7 a 50-$mm$-focal-length lens, what is the object distance if the image height equals the object height? How far is the object from the film?
$d_o$ =    mm
d =    mm

  A woman can see clearly with her right eye only when objects afjyo 2f1 :i(/jd,uh 7r/bj *k-y nckuere between 45 $cm$ and 155 $cm$ away. Prescription bifocals should have what powers so that she can see distant objects clearly (upper part) and be able to read a book 25 $cm$ away (lower part) with her right eye? Assume that the glasses will be 2.0 $cm$ from the eye.
$P_1$ =    D(upper part)
$P_2$ =    D(lower part)

  A child has a near poinb3l s).4m.c)5 wa1gj yuaywast of 15 $cm$. What is the maximum magnification the child can obtain using an 8.0-$cm$-focal-length magnifier? What magnification can a normal eye obtain with the same lens? Which person sees more detail?
$M_1$ =    $\times$
$M_2$ =    $\times$

  What is the magnifying power of a+9 p.)h;1 cdvlbfal w 8dc4gcyktd74x $+4.0-D$ lens used as a magnifier? Assume a relaxed normal eye. $M$ =    $\times$

  A physicist lost in the mountayn4n(gwe. t/c ins tries to make a telescope using the lenses from his reading glasses. They have/ntw (c .eyg4n powers of $+2.0-D$ and $+4.0-D$, respectively.
(a) What maximum magnification telescope is possible? $M$ =    $\times$
(b) Which lens should be used as the eyepiece?    D

  A 50-year-old man us.y q3qnguhrv9a 2ch v6,x/d;qk(vpv /es $+2.5-diopter$ lenses to read a newspaper 25 $cm$ away. Ten years later, he must hold the paper 35 $cm$ away to see clearly with the same lenses. What power lenses does he need now in order to hold the paper 25 $cm$ away? (Distances are measured from the lens.) $P_2$ = +    D

  Spy planes fly at extremely high alt;iiwqc2 no 5f0itudes (25 $km$) to avoid interception. Their cameras are reportedly able to discern features as small as 5 $cm$. What must be the minimum aperture of the camera lens to afford this resolution? (Use $\lambda=550\mathrm{~nm}.$)D =    cm

When shooting pictures at very short distances, exposure fo;6r9rjblo)7 3* ymwmw (ie wtimes must be increased because of the increased distance of the lens from the m7royfi )mw 3*;9e bw(l jwor6film for a focused image.
(a) Show that when the object is so close to the camera that the image height equals the object height, the exposure time must be four times longer (or 2 f-stops) than when the object is a long distance away (say, $$\infty), given the same illumination and f-stop.
(b) Show that if $d_o$ is at least four or five times the focal length f of the lens, the exposure time is increased by less than half an f-stop relative to the same object being a great distance away.

  The objective lens and the eyepiece of a telescope are spacezt+9 9 5uruu8(z ehb1s1c c b+ht4 zfs:p-wklsd 85 $cm$ apart. If the eyepiece is $+23$ diopters, what is the total magnification of the telescope? $M$ =    $\times$

  The Hubble Space Telescope, with an objective diametk7 8d; w 2wlme3 secvfb0r,g*ker of 2.4 m, is viewing the Moon. Estimate the minimum distance between two objects on the Moon that the Hubble can distinguish. Consider diffraction of light of wavelength 550klckr;2 d* s 8,ee7w0mw vbgf3 nm. Assume the Hubble is near the Earth.    m

  Two converging lenses, (j s ,z6qi.vvvk 5ww4pone with $f=4.0\mathrm{~cm}$ and the other with $f=44\mathrm{~cm}$ are made into a telescope.
(a) What are the length and magnification? Which lens should be the eyepiece?
The distance between the two lenses is   cm
M =    $\times $
f =    cm
(b) Assume these lenses are now combined to make a microscope; if the magnification needs to be $25\times,$ how long would the microscope be?    cm

  An astronomical telescope has a magnygz.l- rldos( n/ ke*37swkw4nmv+g 8ak .0olification of 8.0. If the two lenses are 28 $cm$ apart, determine the focal length of each lens.
The focal length of the eyepiece lens is    cm
The focal length of the objective lens is    cm

  You want to design a spy satellite to photograph license plate numbers.+ hchza-ee -f( Assuming it i+(cfa-h-zeeh s necessary to resolve points separated by 5 $cm$ with 550-$nm$ light, and that the satellite orbits at a height of 130 $km$, what minimum lens aperture (diameter) is required? D =    m

  A Lucite planoconvex lens (Fig. Below) has one flat surface and the other has0 cbk7g8g/bw9t hsk2:zkz 5. br gic3c $R=18.4\mathrm{~cm}.$ This lens is used to view an object, located 66.0 $cm$ away from the lens, which is a mixture of red and yellow. The index of refraction of the glass is 1.5106 for red light and 1.5226 for yellow light. What are the locations of the red and yellow images formed by the lens? $d_{i\,red}$ =    cm
$d_{i\,orange}$ =    cm