Does Huygens’ principle apply to soundqt+gy2 swobqq73;9npi i 4k2u waves? To water waves? Explain.

What is the evidence that light ic d2;dtwn.s8 hs energy?

Why is light sometimes described as ray kx)djz+d- a,6lvap atejaijh+.z* 14s and sometimes as waves?

We can hear sounds around corners, but h w4, +*:g dspbouuky3we cannot see around corners; yet both sound and light are waves. uho:, *d+yg3bks w up4Explain the difference.

If Young’s double-slit exptxf+tuu*z*kq m9*x*y eriment were submerged in water, how would the fringe patternx tzqum+ u9*f ***txky be changed?

Monochromatic red light is incident on a double slihld,)7dv5,; tl s z cmu6(a (xl*bpsrst, and the interference pattern is viewed on a screen some distance away. Explain how the fringe pattern would change if the rer(h ( xl*c)ts,657 bl pd,zslvad;s umd light source is replaced by a blue light source.

Two rays of light from the same source destructively interfere if their papvo;xg( j4:pxr7y xqz26/ kqc27w mh nth lengths differ by how mucko7xq c/(nr v x jzx7w;y2pg q64mp:h2h?

Why was the observation of the doubw ja7nu82)gx b7l dw,pt2d6w9/ngakcle-slit interference pattern more convincing evidence for the wave theory of light than the observ2w2b 9plx8 k6)jnwcng/,a wu7dag d7t ation of diffraction?

Compare a double-slit experiment /dd-7/ onbts ufor sound waves to that for light waves. Discuss the similarities and differencbd7/-u/ od ntses.

Why doesn’t the light from the two headlights of a dilk6rlh8xh ( 9pstant car produce an interference pattx(89rlk hlph6ern?

Suppose white light falls on the two slits of Fi yv 45vu0.wlpa 9l-qsvu9 y0kjg. 24–7, but one slit is covered by a red filter (700 nm) and the ot0ql-va 5vl 4yj9.yuk0wps9vu her by a blue filter (450 nm). Describe the pattern on the screen.

When white light passes through aj.;027 -u-a kc pjhs yubqr/puen3i(m flat piece of window glass, it is not broken down into colors as it is by a.jaem up7-bnu 2i/0 (ypq 3ckhj usr;- prism. Explain.

For both converging and diverging lenses, )x h7io765toc1lv4 rdc0 bil2bmu/ iudiscuss how the focal length for red light differho/b drvu 07bu6x5cimllti)c 14i72o s from that for violet light.

A ray of light is refracted through three different materials (Fig. 24–5p;f. jg) *tgt,1y 9zy2pmqgvc5). Rank the materials according to their index of refract, p;t cqy)*y21v9gjg ztpmgf.ion, least to greatest.

Hold one hand close to your eye and focus on(:ug gah mc9k+ a distant light source through a narrow slit between two fingers. (Adjust your fg :(gam kuch+9ingers to obtain the best pattern.) Describe the pattern that you see.

What happens to the diffraction pattern of a single slit if the5n3s2wdc0v xu1lwtpbr14dl ; whole apparatus is immersed in (a) water, (b) a vacuum, instead of in aws4rl 23l0x1w u 1d5dntbcp;vir.

For diffraction by a .j 3eh,sq qhw5single slit, what is the effect of increasing (a) the slit width, and (b) the wahjs , 5.whqq3evelength?

What is the difference in the interference ig74x;:b 9:r f+ikopkog* jl dpatterns formed (a) by two slits $^{-4}\;cm^2$ apart, (b) by a diffraction grating containing $10^4lines/cm$?

For a diffraction grating, whavafk8 d3br; d:t is the advantage of (a) many slits, (b) closely kfdra:3 d;8vbspaced slits?

White light strikes (a) a diffraction grating, and (b) a pr9q0yr fti, ;fhism. A rainbow appears on a wall just below the direction of the horizontal incident beam in each case. What is the color of thei09y; tf, hqrf top of the rainbow in each case? Explain.

For light consisting of wavelengt 9(t-,ok:rbwxj;vzbg(mtwlg( 1 fd- chs between 400 nm and 700 nm, incident normally on o;lbjt( k x-vz ct(1-(fw rwm,g:gb 9da diffraction grating, for what orders (if any) would there be overlap in the observed spectrum? Does your answer depend on the slit spacing?

Why are interference fringes n2jm3 zdtttr35 oticeable only for a thin film like a soap bubble and not for a thick piece of glatz33m d jt25trss, say?

When a compact disk (CD) ishew5n*5l 90hd:khtet held at an angle in white light, the reflected light is a full spectrum (Fig. 24–56). Explain. What would you expect to see if monochromatic light walt wt5h9:eek* d50hnh s used?

Why are Newton’s rings (Fig. 24–31) closer together farther from the center? - hepcza9j ysj 411lc o5xx)i(

Some coated lenses appear greenish yellow when seen by reflectedoe(ccth gee l0+dn 629 light. What wavelengths do you suppose the eegdoc9+h 02et nl6(ccoating is designed to transmit completely?

A drop of oil on a pond appears bright at its edges, u a6u-s p jxti42 76r8bfs-eaawhere its thickness is much less than the wavelengths of visible light. What can you say about the index of refsb 4axu6 u8rs-fei j6-2aap 7traction of the oil?

What does polarization tell us about the nu5 xwz1t v;kx-j7qdn9 ature of light?

Explain the advantage of po*-og /czl(vt tlarized sunglasses over normal tinted sunglasses.

How can you tell if a pair of sunglasses i89vo2t ;rqie(7dwmfrs polarizing or not?

Two polarized sheets rotated at2. ej/ka*fmtw an angle of 90$^{\circ}\,$ with respect to each other will not let any light through. Three polarized sheets, each rotated at an angle of 45$^{\circ}\,$ with respect to each other, will let some light through. What will happen to unpolarized light if you align four polarized sheets, each rotated at an angle of 30$^{\circ}\,$ with respect to the one in front of it?

What would be the color of the sky if the Earth had no ata:.n )7cn.rr-9k p 2kicrtar fmosphere?

If the Earth’s atmosphere were 50 times denser than it is, would sunt m;htewc5pc5 ddl n+)d)5x; llight still be white, or would it be some other coxh+)dpedtm;n )dtcwcl 55 5l;lor?

  Monochromatic light falling vmlda6 tfd,2)x7qwjf zoxe )n (g. 0/z*xqo3ton two slits 0.016 mm apart produces the fifth-order fr) 03q(d*,at lfo)n qjmg/v76 .xdx zetx fo2zwinge at an 8.8$^{\circ}\,$ angle. What is the wavelength of the light used?    $ \times10^{-7 }\;m$

  The third-order fringe of 610 nu 99 o nfz)dpepz5l5j;m light is observed at an angle of 18$^{\circ}\,$ when the light falls on two narrow slits. How far apart are the slits?    $\mu m$

  Monochromatic light falls on two very nar79m8v*hh , ufsxglvg/ row slits 0.048 mm apart. Successive fringes on a screen 5.00 m away are 6.5 cm apart near the center of the pattern.h7/ vfgl*g,9xhs8u mv Determine the wavelength and frequency of the light.
$\lambda\;=\;$    $m$
$f$ =    Hz

  A parallel beam of light from a He-Ne lgwln j 6s(2-0msulo 437a krp v2x7kmtaser, with a wavelength 656 nm, falls on two very narrow slits 0 7kltommx2-s v70l wrns(j3u a46kp2g.060 mm apart. How far apart are the fringes in the center of the pattern on a screen 3.6 m away?    cm

  Light of wavelength 680 nm falls on two slits and i e0k gu/,v:fmproduces an interference pattern in which the fourth-order fringe is 38 mm from the central fringe on a screen 2.0 m away. eg:0m ikvfu ,/What is the separation of the two slits?    mm

  If 720-nm and 660-nm light passes thrbu yrm cqa:f5l4j;w/2 ough two slits 0.58 mm apart, how far apart are the second-order fringes for these two wavelengths on a screen 1.0 m awayjy/4al 2fruqm;c :w b5?    mm

  In a double-slit experim2 xdg51 iz ah1dv0w+ement, it is found that blue light of wavelength 460 nm gives a secdixw1aez d1+ 05vmg2h ond-order maximum at a certain location on the screen. What wavelength of visible light would have a minimum at the same location?    nm

Water waves having parallel crests 2.5 cm apart pass through two openlk8 ,b;tu5fva 6x6zltb k3k3dings 5.0 cm apart in a board. At a point 2.0 m beyond the board, at what angle relative to the “straight-through” directx, k5u6 t3dv3f6al;l bz8ktbkion would there be little or no wave action?

Suppose a thin piece of glass is placed in front of the lower slit in Fig. 2l o1+z6: s9xpq;o/rwlx4 zbld4–7 so that the two waves ebxzzpll6ox/d+;r 1osw4:9 l qnter the slits 180$^{\circ}\,$ out of phase (Fig. 24–57). Describe in detail the interference pattern on the screen.
24-7
24-57

  In a double-slit experimez*la y ez6,rn3kd uw46nt, the third-order maximum for light of wavelength 500 nm is located 12 e6nky *zzdwu, rl4a63mm from the central bright spot on a screen 1.6 m from the slits. Light of wavelength 650 nm is then projected through the same slits. How far from the central bright spot will the second-order maximum of this light be located?    mm

  Two narrow slits separated yd1-z+zcpurqi9.u0 x by 1.0 mm are illuminated by 544 nm light. Find the distance between adjacent bright fringes on a screen 5.0 mq 0xr+-ciy1 .zuud pz9 from the slits.    mm

  Light of wavelength 480 nm in1ovg kvdhoqr)wuk 5.( o*q c2+ air falls on two slits $6.00 \times10^{-2 }\;mm$ apart. The slits are immersed in water, as is a viewing screen 40.0 cm away. How far apart are the fringes on the screen?    mm

  A very thin sheet of plastic (n=1.60) covers one slit of a doubk2/ey4x hpv kgi)fo--le-slit apparatus illuminated by 640-nm light. The center point on the screen, instead of being a maximum, is dark. What is the (minimum /gphvo fxek-4i-y2k) ) thickness of the plastic?    nm

  By what percent, app0pq5esbj (h 5troximately, does the speed of red light (700 nm) exceed that of violet 5htj(esqp b 05light (400 nm) in silicate flint glass? (See Fig. 24–14.)    %

  A light beam strikes a piece of glass at a 60.( /epmy0+*e (dm1miuv, s6qy roy +pnz00$^{\circ}\,$ incident angle. The beam contains two wavelengths, 450.0 nm and 700.0 nm, for which the index of refraction of the glass is 1.4820 and 1.4742, respectively. What is the angle between the two refracted beams?    $^{\circ}\,$

  A parallel beam of ligh cfjg,m4s0vn wg (s eac(+n 5vsk4e*/pt containing two wavelengths, $\lambda_1\;=\;450\;nm$ and $\lambda_2\;=\;650\;nm$, enters the silicate flint glass of an equilateral prism as shown in Fig. 24–58. At what angle does each beam leave the prism (give angle with normal to the face)?
$\theta_{d1}$    $^{\circ}\,$ from the normal
$\theta_{d2}$    $^{\circ}\,$ from the normal

  If 580-nm light fall,.lm)o.avjkysy/e)wfq aqbt:ag* 0: s on a slit 0.0440 mm wide, what is the full angular width of o*q .fa 0 )yw:ba/qmv eys),jtg: .lkathe central diffraction peak?    $^{\circ}\,$

  Monochromatic light falls on a slit tu gg1+ pzrt /x*q;y3c+iqrox6hat is $ 2.60\times10^{ -3}\;mm$ wide. If the angle between the first dark fringes on either side of the central maximum is 35.0$^{\circ}\,$ (dark fringe to dark fringe), what is the wavelength of the light used?    nm

  Light of wavelength 520 nm falls on a slit tl;glmj.0k o5b uosnxo t)8ko e(jx34:hat is $ 3.20\times10^{ -3}\;mm$ wide. Estimate how far the first brightish diffraction fringe is from the strong central maximum if the screen is 10.0 m away.    m

  A single slit 1.0 mm wide is i5g- e1hmscn02f 2dcmilluminated by 450-nm light. What is the width of the central maximum (in cm) in the diffraction pattern on a scree10sedm -5gfim 2nh2ccn 5.0 m away?    cm

  Monochromatic light of wavelength 653 nm falls on a slit. oqq 3o+pn(os n5;wb*4zem8kdIf the angle between td ;* k3n z(epwno+qob45s8 moqhe first bright fringes on either side of the central maximum is 32$^{\circ}\,$, estimate the slit width.    $\mu m$

  How wide is the central diffraction peak on a screen 2.30 m behin5:yalzs rk0yb, 5je*v6ku z)hd a 0.0348-mm-wide slit illuminated b5*0r,:6ek j baz ukvy 5hz)lysy 589-nm light?    cm

  When blue light of wavelength 440 nm falls on a single slit,dq iyq0 (3tfq (buh3f* the first dark bands on either side of center are s0u*d(qt33 bq qfh yf(ieparated by 55.0$^{\circ}\,$. Determine the width of the slit.    $ \times10^{-7 }\;m$

  When violet light of wavelength 415 nm falls on a single slit, it creazx 47 5 3d3o4b2yzbyyut4 asavtes a central diffraction peak that is 9.20 u4 yo b4ba4zz25 7dyvtya s3x3cm wide on a screen that is 2.55 m away. How wide is the slit?    mm

  If a slit diffracts 650-nm light so t(+i u.faz sg3fhat the diffraction maximum is 4.0 cm wide on a screen 1.50 m away, what will be the width of the diffruz(f3sg .fi+a action maximum for light of wavelength 420 nm?    cm

For a given wavelengqm 6c7 4w:mzt2a:sfdn th $\lambda$, what is the maximum slit width for which there will be no diffraction minima?

  At what angle will 560-nm light produce a second-order maximerw-rrd1f cra2/),w d um when falling on a grating whose slits are fa e-rdr/r,)r1wwd 2c$1.45 \times10^{-3 }\;cm$ apart?    $^{\circ}\,$

  A $3500-line/cm$ grating produces a third-order fringe at a 28.0$^{\circ}\,$ angle. What wavelength of light is being used?    nm

  How many lines per centimeter does bvx;v rr :r71kstyw 9kp( of;),dv 1bva grating have if the third-order occurs at an )o11rb rd vyvk;bs 9w;vprt, xkv(7:f18.0$^{\circ}\,$ angle for 630-nm light?    $ \times10^{3 }\,lines/cm$

  A grating has $8300\;lines/cm$. How many complete spectral orders can be seen (400 nm to 700 nm) when it is illuminated by white light?   

  The first-order line of 589-nm light falling -vyyu86axoi i, y0/ ;y*pxggx on a diffraction grating is observed at6yxi/pi ;gy- o8 vgy *y,xua0x a 15.5$^{\circ}\,$ angle. How far apart are the slits?    $\mu m$
At what angle will the third order be observed?

  A diffraction grating ha+./wlc ls:t gns $ 6.0\times10^{ 5}\;lines/m$. Find the angular spread in the second-order spectrum between red light of wavelength $ 7.0\times10^{-7 }\;m$ and blue light of wavelength $ 4.5\times10^{-7 }\;m$.    $^{\circ}\,$

  Light falling normally x1k;mq55kon u on a $9700-line/cm$ grating is revealed to contain three lines in the first-order spectrum at angles of 31.2$^{\circ}\,$, 36.4$^{\circ}\,$, and 47.5$^{\circ}\,$. What wavelengths are these?
$\lambda_{31.2}$    nm
$\lambda_{36.4}$    nm
$\lambda_{47.5}$    nm

  What is the highest spectral order that can be seen if a grating with 6000 yg 2q9v70x eknlines per cm is illum9y70e2qkg nx vinated with 633-nm laser light? Assume normal incidence.   

  Two (and only two) full spectral orders can be seen on either side 0zb7*-awlmmedm 0 va( of the central maximum when white light is sent through a diffraction grati m-0wbd7v em(z a*mal0ng. What is the maximum number of lines per cm for the grating?    $ \times10^{ 3}\;lines/cm$

  White light containinpe.(/.,l96nk f nl4 nmc ekfigg wavelengths from 410 nm to 750 nm falls on a grating withfn ..9km4 6p nlgce(nkl,i/e f $8500\;lines/cm$ How wide is the first-order spectrum on a screen 2.30 m away?    m

  A He-Ne gas laser whic 3ihv ymr2ij a:7-unb93h8nnbec us22h produces monochromatic light of a known wavelength $\lambda\;=\;6.328\times10^{-7 }\;m$ is used to calibrate a reflection grating in a spectroscope. The first-order diffraction line is found at an angle of 21.5$^{\circ}\,$ to the incident beam. How many lines per meter are there on the grating?    $ \times10^{ 5}\;lines/m$

  Two first-order spectrum lines are measua4bdc,+ wr mj2)/bfqhvwrtm+),ex u -red by a $9500-line/cm$ spectroscope at angles, on each side of center, of +26$^{\circ}\,$ 38$^\prime$,+41$^{\circ}\,$ 08$^\prime$ and -26$^{\circ}\,$48$^\prime$,-41$^{\circ}\,$ 19$^\prime$. What are the wavelengths?
$\lambda_{26.72^{\circ}}\;=\;$    nm
$\lambda_{41.23^{\circ}}\;=\;$    nm

  If a soap bubble is 120 nm thick, what wavelength is most strongly reflected nqa9z 5i gig); k;eo,zat the center of the outer surface when illuminated normally by whiteqziaeog)n ;; 9z igk5, light? Assume that $n\;=\;1.34$. $\lambda$ =    nm ,which is an    -  

  How far apart are the dark fringes in Exq0gv 2m:oyywf63td4.h npit ii9 x8z9 ample 24–8 if the glass plates are each 26.5 cm loig: yvip8 qt3zt.dmo2 w4y99fhx06 inng?    cm

  What is the smallest thickne .tlym axbb,veqq* 8)v*.uxn6ss of a soap film $(n\;=\;1.42)$ that would appear black if illuminated with 480-nm light? Assume there is air on both sides of the soap film. $t_min$    nm

  A lens appears greenish a68 r(9-xus l-qw tgvsyellow ($\lambda\;=\;570\;mm$ is strongest) when white light reflects from it. What minimum thickness of coating $(n=1.25)$ do you think is used on such a glass $(n=1.52)$ lens, and why? $t_{min}$    nm

  A total of 31 bright and 31 dark Newton’s rings (not counting the dark spot agv( l lj (tpw0m(eba)3 pbh3x)t the center) are observed when 550-nm light falls normally0mbg(ap )p 3l)bt wj((helxv3 on a planoconvex lens resting on a flat glass surface (Fig. 24–31). How much thicker is the center than the edges?    $\mu m$

  A fine metal foil separates one end of two(4 -e.li8 f,gmiteo dd pieces of optically flat glass, as in Fig. 24–33. When light of wavelength 670 nm is incident normally, 28 dark lines are observed (with one at each end). How thick is the foitdl,4fm8 g( de -iieo.l?    $\mu m$

  How thick (minimum) should the air layer be bet1v 93j:da gjv x lzporucx259*ween two flat glass surfaces if the glass is to appear bright when 450-nm light is incidentv2cga z*9x9pjj r l:d51vu3ox normally?    nm
What if the glass is to appear dark?    nm

  vA piece of material, supmk4 hvkp *2p5tfdl46, amm 8tspected of being a stolen diamond $(n=2.42)$ is submerged in oil of refractive index 1.43 and illuminated by unpolarized light. It is found that the reflected light is completely polarized at an angle of 59$^{\circ}\,$. Is it diamond? ----待选择----yesno 

  A thin film of alcohol )rb/db2 yz)hy*t5 woe$(n=1.36)$ lies on a flat glass plate $(n=1.51)$. When monochromatic light, whose wavelength can be changed, is incident normally, the reflected light is a minimum for $\lambda\;=\;512\;nm$ and a maximum for $\lambda\;=\;640\;nm$ What is the minimum thickness of the film?    nm

  When a Newton’s ring apparatus (Fig. 24–31) is immersed in a liquid, the diametv nznzk741duf1,x2j aer of the eighth dark ring decreases from 2.92 cm to 2.48 cm. What is the refractive indexnzfn,dvuz1a 7jk42 1 x of the liquid?   

  What is the wavelength of tlaf.fvl6p ge +gn+kl kj6b (q eg6l+91he light entering an interferometer if 644 bright fringes are counted when the movable mirror moves 0. g(f lqf1jbk9l elkan+6g.+ plgev +66225 mm?    nm

  A micrometer is connected to the movable mirtd y/cl1kt1k j 2m jx44*iq01e*qsku mc /i6emror of an interferometer. When the micrometer is tightened down on a thkq lei t21cjmi//kd6km0q1ut*y1* sc xmj44ein metal foil, the net number of bright fringes that move, compared to the empty micrometer, is 272. What is the thickness of the foil? The wavelength of light used is 589 nm.    $\mu m$

  How far must the mirru3rr8sm4+m dwor $M_1$ in a Michelson interferometer be moved if 850 fringes of 589-nm light are to pass by a reference line?    mm

  One of the beams of an interferometer (Fig. 24–59) passes u akhc8z- m)dxf:-.8ev-cp ka through a small glass container containing a cavity 1.30 cm deep. When a gas is allowed to slowly fill the container, a total of 236 -.p8 c afz-ux:k8cm) he adk-vdark fringes are counted to move past a reference line. The light used has a wavelength of 610 nm. Calculate the index of refraction of the gas, assuming that the interferometer is in vacuum. $n_{gas}$

  

  Two polarizers are orient :)p zidz,:*g l7deexwb+tok6 ed at 65$^{\circ}\,$ to one another. Unpolarized light falls on them. What fraction of the light intensity is transmitted?   

  What is Brewster’s anglecp(u 61 ke rxj69woi-0exc2 in for an air–glass $(n=1.52)$ surface? $\theta_{p}$    $^{\circ}\,$

  What is Brewster’s angle for a diamond submerged in water if the lnn/p8s, 5tnt ,ujg4 i4 teg+dsight is hitting 4sg5 ,,n8ugtine d jt/snpt+4the diamond $(n=2.42)$ while traveling in the water? $\theta_{p}$    $^{\circ}\,$

  Two Polaroids are aligned soyr1.wl n v:cz0 that the light passing through them is a maximum. At what angle should one of them be placed so that the intensity is subse.zlvrn 10wyc: quently reduced by half?    $^{\circ}\,$

  At what angle should the axes of two Polaroids be pla-*((kz01tyd i 0fdnu8 h,glqrd hfjw2ced so as to reduce the intensity or ut( d*f,qkhd yd(i8zwjgf -lh0n 210f the incident unpolarized light to
(a) $\frac{1}{3}$ ,    $^{\circ}\,$
(b) $\frac{1}{10}$ ?    $^{\circ}\,$

  Two polarizers are or3q-f ,tpfjx (:sio3vpgtf ,-wiented at 40$^{\circ}\,$ to each other and plane-polarized light is incident on them. If only 15% of the light gets through both of them, what was the initial polarization direction of the incident light?    $^{\circ}\,$

  Two polarizers are oriented cyau8kla3 g/1 at 38.0$^{\circ}\,$ to one another. Light polarized at a 19.0$^{\circ}\,$ angle to each polarizer passes through both. What percent reduction in intensity takes place?    %

  What would Brewster’s an7jzwg cxw1: (cgle be for reflections off the surface of water for light coming from beneath the surface? Compare to the angle for total internal reflection, and wjcw zc1g(x: 7to Brewster’s angle from above the surface.
If the light is coming from water to air, $\theta_{p}$    $^{\circ}\,$For the refraction at the critical angle from water to air $\theta_c$   $^{\circ}$ If the light is coming from air to water $\theta_p'$   $^{\circ}$

  Unpolarized light passes through7 6-k cho(im9of(l4c)orlh gc five successive Polaroid sheets, each of whose axo9hf 4(i lc7r chm) -6(gooclkis makes a 45$^{\circ}\,$ angle with the previous one. What is the intensity of the transmitted beam?    $I_0$

  Light of wavelength oc+j20pz;ab *8x 3 afhixqa s+$ 5.0\times10^{7 }\;m$ passes through two parallel slits and falls on a screen 4.0 m away. Adjacent bright bands of the interference pattern are 2.0 cm apart.
(a) Find the distance between the slits.    mm
(b) The same two slits are next illuminated by light of a different wavelength, and the fifth-order minimum for this light occurs at the same point on the screen as the fourth-order minimum for the previous light. What is the wavelength of the second source of light? $\lambda_2$    $ \times10^{-7 }\;m$

  Television and radio waves reflecting from mountains a)eyfr4 ;xy;0kf tx2b or airplanes can interfere with the direct sie 0xfra 2 bktyf)x;4y;gnal from the station.
(a) What kind of interference will occur when 75-MHz television signals arrive at a receiver directly from a distant station, and are reflected from a nearby airplane 118 m directly above the receiver? Assume $\frac{1}{2}\;\lambda$ change in phase of the signal upon reflection.  ----待选择----constructivedestructive 
(b) What kind of interference will occur if the plane is 22 m closer to the receiver?  ----待选择----constructivedestructive 

  Red light from three separate sources passes 7 vu11e vlorce75kt+ithrough a diffraction grating with rei7t5c1ul 7v1oe +vk$ 3.00\times10^{5 }\;lines/m.$ The wavelengths of the three lines are $ 6.56\times10^{-7 }\;m$ (hydrogen), $ 6.50\times10^{ -7}\;m$ (neon), and $6.97 \times10^{ -7}\;m$ (argon). Calculate the angles for the first-order diffraction lines of each of these sources. $\theta_{h}$    $^{\circ}\,$ $\theta_{n}$    $^{\circ}\,$ $\theta_{a}$    $^{\circ}\,$

  Light of wavelength 590 nm passes through two na53lud4w36 dccmls c -;9atz airrow slits 0.60 mm apart. The screen is 1.70 m away. A second source of unkno5 di3a3t6 4-u lcscdz;c9mw alwn wavelength produces its second-order fringe 1.33 mm closer to the central maximum than the 590-nm light. What is the wavelength of the unknown light? $\lambda_2$    nm

A radio station operating at 102.1 MHz broadcasts from two identical antennae at qlgvq8kogf hy0;u6 re2kk/07 the same elevation but separated by an 8.0-m horizontal distance d, Fig. 24–60. A maximum signal is fouefqgvu6/l0y kq g;ho r7kk082 nd along the midline, perpendicular to d at its midpoint and extending horizontally in both directions. If the midline is taken as 0$^{\circ}\,$, at what other angle(s) $\theta$ is a maximum signal detected? A minimum signal? Assume all measurements are made much farther than 8.0 m from the antenna towers.

  A teacher stands well back from an outside doorway 0.88 m wide, and blows nkb(g- zw8g (fv xi1,jl vju,se*:f /ta whis:, xlwbez /jkgsn(tji8f*1gf,vv( u-tle of frequency 750 Hz. Ignoring reflections, estimate at what angle(s) it is not possible to hear the whistle clearly on the playground outside the doorway.    $^{\circ}\,$ either side of the normal.

If parallel light falls on a single slit of wi me8p sa dqsy/bfadk,,;u6 /ov 44xf6tdth D at a 30$^{\circ}\,$ angle to the normal, describe the diffraction pattern.

  The wings of a certain beet :srp:hpl/ v;lle have a series of parallel lines across them. When normally incident 460-nm light is reflected s/ ;:h pl:plrvfrom the wing, the wing appears bright when viewed at an angle of 51$^{\circ}\,$. How far apart are the lines?    nm

  How many lines per centimeter must a grating have if there is to be4:y45 ddgud nz(xfgq6 no second-order spectrum for any visible wavelength?4 ddgyx:qdun (6 z54fg   $ lines/cm$

Show that the second- and third-order spectra of white lightkog . :nk;6fbe produced by a diffraction grating always overlap. What wavelengths oveenf ;gok .k:6brlap exactly?

  When yellow sodium lig.6 .sktuwu hj5ht, $\lambda\;=\;$ falls on a diffraction grating, its first-order peak on a screen 60.0 cm away falls 3.32 cm from the central peak. Another source produces a line 3.71 cm from the central peak. What is the wavelength of the new source? How many $lines/cm$ are on the grating?
   nm
  $ lines/cm$

  Light is incident on a diffraction grating with and the patte p2nv 54yr)twvwaa 3+yrn is viewed on a screen 2.5 m fr+v2y y)5 rtpw4anva3wom the grating. The incident light beam consists of two wavelengths, $\lambda_1\;=\; 4.6\times10^{ -7}\;m$ and $\lambda_2\;=\; 6.5\times10^{ -7}\;m$. Calculate the linear distance between the first-order bright fringes of these two wavelengths on the screen.    m

What is the index of refraction of a clear material if a minimum of 150 nm thicr5zxjom)wa8d:+gaw ( : fr.fjkness of it, when laid on glass, is needed to reduce reflection to nearly zero when light of 600 nmw8.jfar)dwgfxmz o 5( :jr:a+ is incident normally upon it? Do you have a choice for an answer?

  Monochromatic light of variable wavelength is incident normally on a thin she6uje 8 g(o4de c4nve,ket of plastic film in air. The reflected light is a mink,6ed4euo cve(8 jng4imum only for $\lambda\;=\;512nm$ and $\lambda\;=\;640nm$ in the visible spectrum. What is the thickness of the film $(n=1.58)$? [Hint: Assume successive values of m.]    nm

  Compare the minimum thickness needed for an anti-reflective lnl-le: gam4nn 4*l4 fcoating $(n=1.38)$ applied to a glass lens in order to eliminate
(a) blue (450 nm),    nm
(b) red (700 nm) reflections for light at normal incidence.    nm

  What is the minimum (non-zero) thickness for the air layer between two flae ao :.wnp*hfq+8hb;at glass surfaces if the glass is tf;:n. p* e ahbhqoaw8+o appear dark when 640-nm light is incident normally?    nm
What if the glass is to appear bright?    nm

Suppose you viewed the light transmittdgy rvhdb+79 *ed through a thin film layered on a flat piece of glass. Draw a diagram, similar to Fig. 24–30 or 24–36, and describe the conditions required for maxima and minima. Consider all possible values of*dd7vhr g+yb9 index of refraction. Discuss the relative size of the minima compared to the maxima and to zero.
24-30
24-36

  At what angle above the hojc5 c(/zl)4cqtaldu 3kd)6 qnrizon is the Sun when light reflecting off a smooth lake isc/tdlu)kq5a3c( nlq d6z)4j c polarized most strongly?    $^{\circ}\,$

  At what angle should lfa mlrqxa78vo e/1;9the axes of two Polaroids be placed so as to reduce the intensity ovmfrao lx;178 a9 eq/lf the incident unpolarized light by an additional factor (after the first Polaroid cuts it in half) of
(a) 4,    $^{\circ}\,$
(b) 10,    $^{\circ}\,$
(c) 100?    $^{\circ}\,$

  Unpolarized light falls on t-lun 3 at )8+xtqposx.wo polarizer sheets whose transmission axes are at right angles)+3 xt ulstax.qpo8-n. A third polarizer is placed between the first two so that its axis makes a 62$^{\circ}\,$ angle with the axis of the first polarizer.
(a) What fraction of the incident light intensity is transmitted?    $I_0$
(b) What if the third polarizer is in front of the other two?

Four polarizers are plac2gc::oya:8/w )wjpvqc )mp k led in succession with their axes vertical, at 30$^{\circ}\,$ to the vertical, at 60$^{\circ}\,$ to the vertical, and at 90° to the vertical.
(a) Calculate what fraction of the incident unpolarized light is transmitted by the four polarizers.
(b) Can the transmitted light be decreased by removing one of the polarizers? If so, which one?
(c) Can the transmitted light intensity be extinguished by removing polarizers? If so, which one(s)?

  A laser beam passes thrlaz.qor(gv 4x/q2n y-aprt/7ough a slit of width 1.0 cm and is pointed at the Moon, which is approximately 380,000 km from the Earth. Assume the laser emits waves of wavelength 630 nm (the red light of a He-Ne laser). Estroqv/ p zg/r 2a(-la.7ty4 xqnimate the width of the beam when it reaches the Moon.    km

  A series of polarizers are el/: zmqdf pwovc+(5 +nach placed at a 10$^{\circ}\,$ interval from the previous polarizer. Unpolarized light is incident on this series of polarizers. How many polarizers does the light have to go through before it is $\frac{1}{4}$ of its original intensity?   

  A thin film of soap ltg /tta;z6m7$(n=1.34)$ coats a piece of flat glass $(n=1.52)$ .How thick is the film if it reflects 643-nm red light most strongly when illuminated normally by white light?    nm

  Consider two antennas radiating 6.0-MHz rad4a(vw99g hutsio waves in phase with each other. They are loc thuw9gs(49avated at points $S_1$ and $S_2$, separated by a distance $d\;=\;175m$, Fig. 24–61. What are the first three points on the y axis where there will be destructive interference? (Destructive interference in this case means that a radio receiver placed at that point would pick up no signal).    m    m    m

  A parallel beam of light containing two wavelengths, 420 nm and0:s jvlwq5bw( 650 nm, enters a silicate flint glass equilateral prism (Fig. 24–58). bvjl 50swq:( w
(a) What is the angle between the two beams leaving the prism?    $^{\circ}\,$
(b) Repeat part (a) for a diffraction grating with    $^{\circ}\,$

  A Lucite planoconvex lenzcueqy*p.cuj p 7 rhto578q+7s has one flat surface and one with $R\;=\;18.4\,cm$ It is used to view an object, located 66.0 cm away from the lens, which is a mixture of red and yellow. The index of refraction of the Lucite is 1.5106 for red light and 1.5226 for yellow light. What are the locations of the red and yellow images formed by the lens? [Hint: See Section 23–10.]
$d_{i-red}$    cm
$d_{i-yellow}$    cm