What is the best definition forz k ommf(4l3n; a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rore*t7n-c -fbpme, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could3js55ti5k.f vnn)h bzpg+b1 o2/ uh vf describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Facbfhf /ovnh55szb5 .+ ju)i12kvptng3 tor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a populat8n.chja o* t3oion


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schis .g8;7ze j.b(nvv )p,hrcvljf tosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a smdov6 t)n1qh 2mv 2:v-wgiz*aeall-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six mont g-imo6va *n2 wqd2h: e)z1vtvhs. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the gruz ,f6ntu k xai)px:k5/,)v ynoups of organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in Ne k37 p okz1,r /8s9qnkjcae(aorth America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated ne 9qroc 7 (, kk/aze8jpk13sanorthern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects thepbomk2h( x /g) growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of dead plants and animv ;kov f5*pho-als. ov pohk;5-fv*
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of b*8pwg(ueu(pe8ay1; .he qtttoxins in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, kilcjdd.gv , 0me/ler whale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Oceangd,dcvj.m/ e0.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form en,brzbpa9nlka0k di y.e2m)2(d yj 38nergy is lost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known tcbjl( bus2ffx/lypf4 +*(i q5o have tall trees and a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also ils(2qcyf /l*+f4xj fpb(biu5nteract with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description of a food g :jg: hkl,a;kd 8kud7chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes into their surroundr.bx*rf3q i6 pxl i6k6ings. The enzymes break down th ri rk6.lp*q3x6bixf6ings such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultiua3o3 f*dkgdzzs7 5y /vation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramijwk 1*( jin ygw6tp3f5boh1p 6ds of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1;mw:;ibg:e9(j9auublau,h 1id k;ka; y1 6 kcv Factor 2 and Fact(hked;va kb: :1i a ;mw;9b9ay ugclu1 i6,ukjor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at different temperatures ohm/-p0qct p b .e5ttn ey05xwl-en(-

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated ric4b 1uu 3/bjhjfpy m.,fess(6me cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and hak y;03vl++tnt/dt(g 9bosnbov 3 -1r5ya zn ogs stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democr1n 0+- ng o/;a3bot vkzn9+3gdt tyorv5l(ybsatic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow bkj1+9ogo62iuy j / hhin a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food we1, gz.g8qmnq:xfsq .6p y;czib



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside cora edxufwj 8r y)(oq/ge-+wka) 3cm-psk5 oin57l. Corals feed on the carbon compounds prop5e-ca n/ 7wk+mxgq j3ds-e(8y)uorfk5) i owduced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical rh:ae0s*jzlvq(1 fs1peaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of fer *zgw5ym d-51dp3 xzn 0v25x sng.qcarbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the follow (vvns74) e: cou(a-fms kq8ncing terms best describes organisms like earthworms that ingest and then break down and digest non-li(qan f c4knm-vusv7s ( coe:)8ving organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid.iax 3kcp7x4 v of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population dens-yq+* jdkdpi uq e,xe :krrw)x(4/e k0ities of a predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenso 9hj5iqnn0j e36y7jv)d qf 3yltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aqu ( gyoq ;w9/ge, dq3.cc6qwngaatic mesocosm using a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which incln wyggq(. gqa /co, ec3;qw9d6uded algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the followiozgs5* ggu kn,w o5v b,,1d5fqng is an example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural ener sq-iul6rr3 +ogy conversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in ftqx, hyuazl.-22 .2jlj 0oudmn *q ja-ood chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the folloqov3b,2y43ycqu gf2:awi0/1l 8 f+aqble v aowing statements is false when discussing a pyramid of bioy0u2 ,wyq3aga4a o8b q1: oe/3lvf+clqb ifv2mass.

  Figure: A pyramid of ener- cq.szkx-og +gy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representi 5uxx4( **xz -dzrlmz(xircl;nr fv*(ng productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food webq d9r/e,d5;b5 lcyangh rq4i9


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecosystem gev +0gh0l fuzd7t5u 7pnc9f4




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that y 1y;m tz6zpfpivr 50l/)lq2w does not accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savannah system with paras4p zkp p298onab8i; bjites on a consumer li io98p2knb 4a8pzjp;bke the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration m9 ,z(g/yeycwcorrectly from the options below.What is Photosynthesis andzg,m /(eyycw9 Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as an insecti/xr4 fk3 1zk 9qwt gh5puau2,kcide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lostxn ab*w-k4ppajp2 / lnh( q*v; from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide in the a6hu ;(o ydwv2rocilwx:qe,lwa)q5 ( 7ir to carbohydra2 (w:xwqoowly;5(qu)6 a dlv,7er chites.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon0 2+m6bncg ec9sd1.ibggn 2ol from the atmosphere to other carbon sinks.2g bin21 mco9ls d+ 6.ng0ecgb
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires the longe,hwwdae2 3b )jst time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per arem+m ga(np4 6vta per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statementsa4ur wb.hik++3m d*ghu39xvu that are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity : q1)iefi n0ss+aola; (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the moleq.vgx*,h nse:t (r 70bo n y+w-i8yarine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon i s.qx -fiyrv4cs(s4* through the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecoc*1l j2 khu km/5mngiw0-/ 0p6qbdv axsystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem i v y4t:.q9.ewtii,aa in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is no4,;kg*p vr8vkzz a4pnt true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cy. : gkr2zf x(t;uj7qdacle. r a(7qz2 x;tuj:kgd.f

  Figure: Average per capue,;v rl8c45xsg e 88 lyr66mi-mqqviita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, 9n rigxgu rb2 k07.ch-ix2nj1 GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax commubiun x9grrxj.21g0 i7hn ck-2nity.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an examp8ph1e( n-i4h4uowq 11 8eadm 8gpsmvs33bjuxle of transformation.

  Figure: Average per cm/ -amy9i7a/7o rwfvw*e q,b wapita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea plant in water. Ou /(a*y 5f aaotqf-q 18k1jnynt) h1ljne was kept in light and the other i yht qjfy-jua11/1noaqk*5f8 ln(a t )n darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & 2p skr 9fzno1*u nqf,flty+,6 3z.vnv annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by rm 0+m j-gcc)fregion 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for acct6;mf -7fdf2 r z3ge biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rh6ixng3u+3nea*)l x+s et i6f ome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or6 ncsn0w(5qb cx(nsm* more statements from the fo n((s6ncx w sb*05ncmqllowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other physicalz0fl1jys yxrt+2 v tr,zwfb+c;9x; 5u variables. List the main factors that characterize the terre2 vwbz ;+;9c05szyj, x +yfftrtrlux1strial biomes.

  State which is not a description of thebi qfk- 67xh zz+d(n;vy9ypwh-2rj)l rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to div9lf.7w smxvv3xlk): s ersity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Italy d0lyj j.v1 5ec


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivores in differe s9x za1om* ei0iozd02nt biomei 0m1 oazzs290*eoixd s


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPPbs0j*: l6f2n ohh qe7n as primary succession progresses from a pione067fnj sl* q:2hon bheer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in describing thecy*/66fehl9v2s7 kjd84rs eez:q rny changes in productivity during prim7cv:/ 2 esrjyhql*6ezsy 94 6e8krfndary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured usinu9kckp mv,d:p rg pf:i1e+dqz*2 z,w2lu: t;eg a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate/ofww/a7) ujg iql.w05-kd vh of photosynthe /w vw./l -0gkqdhao57iwjfu )sis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in 1- d4xt vswhraas.)-m a field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a .xy 1(bix( fpgseries of insect traps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were b (fx.gy1i (pxbeetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is 7cepx4s ofa62;+x hnyggp:f-important to take multiple readings of the same factor. 6psfn fy7e4x x; agp-+o2:hgc
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological samplindf1yrw dqo +f-4 27tk7s3bv lh2dk* vfg


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Wilpcf g 2;gqz/ 4*nfxc*mlow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two partswdu6c*)t 2n7 q:q7(;fc5fsrh okki m j of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effective for samplinzru( j8vn,o0o5 nn f4gg motile (movingn4jfog0no 8 unr5z (v,) specimens.