What is the correct definwxr hildy 037pt6)k 4lition of a gene pool?

  Which would not cause changes to the(jj ul(wi ln.sb 4ne wf/5z2p+qb1n8a allele frequency within a population?

  Which of the following iden:s l+t7* bozobtifies a similarity and difference between natural selection ab: s+*tz7lobo nd selective breeding?

  As pollution levels rise, the trees that the peppered moth (Bisto3 e/ io 70tsmv/lvar2on betularia) lives on will becomevm 3oste /la v7roi20/ darker. What effect will this have on the peppered moth population numbers?

  Which option lists examples of evidence that can be used to support the theory d vt6hcxqd)5si06k7 t of evolu 07h5tsvktq)x66ddci tion?

  Which statement(s) about us,jev b.)tikuqtp;z+f4zs p4imdo -8gp )95 natural selection is/are true?
I. Learned behaviour changes over time.
II. Individuals that are better adapted are more likely to survive.
III. It decreases the frequency of characteristics that make individuals better adapted.

  Which statement is true of punctuated equilibrium xl g-flba*vs 7o-5;pv?

  The graph shows the relationship between the adult neck length of Ma:z j4g(ssn aiql up(02sai giraffes (G. tippelskirchi) and the average lif:iula04g zs2n(s pqj( espan. What type of selection is shown by the graph?

  Which of the following could lead to the development of antibiotic resistance?q4z hd) qf;4k 7,a; vzq*xnkjz

  The peppered moth (Biston betularia) is often used as an example when discuolb94)d g)exl upn+w +h7io5 xssing industiu9l+pd 4bx oh l)5eon)w7g +xrial melanism.

Which of the following is responsible for the increase in the proportion of the melanic form during the industrial revolution?
I. Increased mutation rate
II. Natural selection
III. Sexual selection

  How does gradual divergence provide evidenc(b/e. yyxuju 5w(:m cle for evolution?

  In a population of finches, the frequency of finches with l,t. ;pl 2epm2her))eag ec1( 8binnz earge beaks has increased relative to the frequency of finches with small beaks. What could have been a cause for thi;i8z ) ne) ne1c2empe r.(2ht ep,bgals?

1.Outline the possible causes of cbe,(qk+6,crp iz- u qnhanges to a gene pool.

2.Suggest one possible cause of the gene pool getting smaller.

3.Explain how a small gene pool could have a detrimental effect on a population.

  Which of the following is/are example(s) of selective by c)+j h-833 hmv*xmp7grmfia 0 baa)79zmpybreeding?
I. A puppy is taught to sit.
II. Cows that produce high volumes of milk have been crossed with cows that have large amounts of meat.
III.Development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

The diagram shows how the effect of growint5c-nslbhu;3bw,6b w g bacteria with different antibiotics can be investigated. A study was conducted to test the degree of ant b ,uc-lht3;w6 bnbw5sibiotic resistance that bacteria from a hospital door handle had developed. Measurements of the zone of inhibition were taken every 3 days, for 15 days.



1.State which antibiotic is the least effective at preventing bacterial growth.

2.State two variables that must be controlled in this experiment, other than those already given.

3.1.Identify the anomalous result from the study.

3.2.Suggest how the anomalous result may have arisen.

4.Explain how natural selection can lead to antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

5.The researchers suggested that vancomycin could be used more extensively to treat bacterial infections. Discuss to what extent you agree with this.

Sickle cell anaemia is a trait 5wsomri8 g8z5that is inherited in a codominant manner. The graph shows the proporti gwzs 885mr5ioons of people who are homozygous affected (Hb$^S$Hb$^S$ ), homozygous unaffected (Hb$^A$Hb$^A$ ) and heterozygous (Hb$^A$ Hb$^S$ ) for the trait over 50 years in Nigeria, West Africa. Malaria, which is a parasitic disease that infects red blood cells, is prevalent in Nigeria.

1.Using the graph, explain whether the sickle cell trait is likely to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

2.1Describe the trends observed in the graph.

2.2.Suggest a reason for the trend in heterozygotes found in this malaria infected region of Africa.

3.The frequency of the recessive allele in the population was found to be 0.62, calculate the frequency of the dominant allele in the population.

4.1.Assuming that this population is in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, predict what would happen to the frequency of recessive alleles in the population over 50 more years.

4.2.Outline a reason for your answer.

5.Explain why, under ‘real world’ conditions, it is difficult for organisms to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

  The graph shows the number of female African elephants (Loxodonta africana) bol ;vg 0l;jhbu2chd i)45v+ny0ip 79u:bjsl lorn win5vu 2l jlh)i4v byblgp0h;jc s:ldi7;uo 9+0thout tusks in Gorongosa National Park. How does natural selection explain the trend shown in the graph?

  In the Indian ocean, sand coloured oysters blend intojrxj9 y86mw8 z rocks in the sand bar and dark coloured oysters blend better into the deepest parts of the ocean. What 6 mx89jwrjy8ztype of selection is this an example of?

  Which of the following statements best describes an analogous structurei0*o kcumc0k0 ?

  Based on the structure of each forelimb shown below, which one is l(8 9m.akaf m/8wk5vgi vcs.:kulk3v x ikely to be analfw u8/m.ck853.(:iv xkkslmakvg9a vogous?

  Which are examples ol3+vn3t*iiqlzjm04 7 jgdx u-f directional selection?
I. Human babies with an average birth weight are more likely to survive than those that are below or above average
II. Black peppered moths are more likely to survive than lighter moths in industrial areas as they can camouflage better
III. Larger salmons are fished, resulting in the better survival of smaller salmons

  Which is not an examplepxcl);t 6ths1 mkeu;; of natural selection?

  Broad-leaved plants are o21wm:uucu+x *2 +va 6 dju,ltj0emqf gften found near the ground in tropical rainforests. Which characteristic of the leaf is an example of a useful adaptation?2q+,u:mmj6 utecud1jg2 0 u awfv+*xl

  Which bird’s beak is best adapted for sucking nectar from fl: j*xulhtnhp )nac572za+ 1 fgowers?

  A population of plants with no resistance to herbiv*w ,re0vdhkvwqh2 e vid*0cxk3 ,6 5ceores may develop into a population of plants that secrete a compound toxic to herbivores. How could this change occukv d0cec,xv2 *35 ,vr hwe *dq0we6ihkr?

The diagram represents the evolution of fedn21 . 21 dtg2 :*mptoxx1.jth+mqncxjrdxh )atures in the forefoot of horses from the oldestjpxnntm22h c +j*d .m)gt21 dxhod q.:x11rxt ancestor (a) to modern day horses (e).

1.1.Distinguish between the earliest and most recent forefoot.

1.2.Explain the mechanism through which the horse forefoot has changed over time.

1.3.Suggest what would happen if ancestral horses were brought back and introduced into the wild today. Justify your answer.

2.State the definition of evolution.

3.Different horse breeds exist in varying geographical locations. Suggest one possible way to show that these horses living in different geographical locations were from the same species.

  How does meiosis result itp k3xoug+z t2 fd/m1n0 efi02n variation?

Darwin’s finches are ax/ gn-10btldu5mg7; naaa1 xa group of approximately 18 finches which share a common ancestor and are found on the Galapagos islands. Four of these finches are sh1-g n/axalxnum 0 1 bad75g;taown below.

1.1.Explain the differences in beak shape and size shown in the four individuals A, B, C, D.

1.2.State two possible causes of genetic variation between finches found on the same island.

1.3.Discuss the hypothesis that the finches found on different islands are different species.

2.Species tend to produce more offspring than their environment can support. Explain how this contributes to natural selection.

  Which of the following is not an exampl wzx f:t*z3/9qbm *bvze of speciation?

1.Describe how mutations can result in natural +/ jz3nxyj fbov6wgq etc .08 ,i+r8cxhmhg.. selection.

2.Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a population producing more offspring than the environment can support.

3.Explain how the misuse of antibiotics can lead to the development of bacterial resistance.

  Evolutionary fitness is rwzpq2 d6r2 e2a term used to describe adaptations. Which of the following best pw 2zqre2r62 ddescribes the term evolutionary fitness?