What is the correct definition of a gene/7 b ovzh0tcl i*u4(ncqj.s73 oa6a-ei vqcf ( pool?

  Which would not cause changes to the allele frequency within a populatiscdd5-5qek6dfu6 q 5 aon?

  Which of the following identifies a similarity and difference between naturalrrbiy7au yu3zz,4( z 0 selection a70b3 a,zry(i zruz4 yund selective breeding?

  As pollution levels rise, the trees that the pevv9ap 5nh d1h*ppered moth (Biston betularia) lives on will become darker.1v5v hd*9h apn What effect will this have on the peppered moth population numbers?

  Which option lists exampup t;*yd 6yn v)3w5qwhles of evidence that can be used to support the theory of ep ;*3uq 6yty wnwdh)5vvolution?

  Which statement(s) about natural selection is/are true? 22dlhb z:si(t
I. Learned behaviour changes over time.
II. Individuals that are better adapted are more likely to survive.
III. It decreases the frequency of characteristics that make individuals better adapted.

  Which statement is tr zows7pt;bv5avxue) :;q- /kc ue of punctuated equilibrium?

  The graph shows the relationship between thet pvq16ez*.26ip7e jugpz q 1d adult neck length of Masai giraffes (G. tdzip2 v6ueqpe 16t7g1jzq .p*ippelskirchi) and the average lifespan. What type of selection is shown by the graph?

  Which of the following cou 5r5:s iy.+tquxqv6osld lead to the development of antibiotic resistance?

  The peppered moth (Biston betularia) is often used as an example whl6f3f( ; *urn qjlr0usbhq b p2y.z1fb dx721hen discussing industrial melanismub13lnq7;j rzs.0b2 qyh(d 6f*pf21 xubrfh l.

Which of the following is responsible for the increase in the proportion of the melanic form during the industrial revolution?
I. Increased mutation rate
II. Natural selection
III. Sexual selection

  How does gradual divergence provide evidence for evu4idhw t4p t3 lh7+z5jolution?

  In a population of fincheb8jlxx / g:dao5/5lgsv *zg7 ms, the frequency of finches with large beaks has increased relative to the famg:5/lj5xls/*7 vdoz 8 bggxrequency of finches with small beaks. What could have been a cause for this?

1.Outline the possible causes of changes tmdccu 0n*n6jb :+s. luo a gene pool.

2.Suggest one possible cause of the gene pool getting smaller.

3.Explain how a small gene pool could have a detrimental effect on a population.

  Which of the following is/are example(s) mj*tz. :(vsp) 9z itfxof selective breeding?
I. A puppy is taught to sit.
II. Cows that produce high volumes of milk have been crossed with cows that have large amounts of meat.
III.Development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

The diagram shows how the effect of growing bactervnu ))0jzkn -bypj+9nia with different antibiotics can be investigated. A study was con p u09kzb+)-njn)ny vjducted to test the degree of antibiotic resistance that bacteria from a hospital door handle had developed. Measurements of the zone of inhibition were taken every 3 days, for 15 days.



1.State which antibiotic is the least effective at preventing bacterial growth.

2.State two variables that must be controlled in this experiment, other than those already given.

3.1.Identify the anomalous result from the study.

3.2.Suggest how the anomalous result may have arisen.

4.Explain how natural selection can lead to antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

5.The researchers suggested that vancomycin could be used more extensively to treat bacterial infections. Discuss to what extent you agree with this.

Sickle cell anaemia is a trait that is inherited in a codominant mannerfv3jti/ip8g y n 6*e4qlu 2o*nz 34xyo.lo7ak. The graph shows the proportions of people who are homozygous affectuo itnv6f.l8yni3 ay/qo7 3jl4g *2xo z pe4*ked (Hb$^S$Hb$^S$ ), homozygous unaffected (Hb$^A$Hb$^A$ ) and heterozygous (Hb$^A$ Hb$^S$ ) for the trait over 50 years in Nigeria, West Africa. Malaria, which is a parasitic disease that infects red blood cells, is prevalent in Nigeria.

1.Using the graph, explain whether the sickle cell trait is likely to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

2.1Describe the trends observed in the graph.

2.2.Suggest a reason for the trend in heterozygotes found in this malaria infected region of Africa.

3.The frequency of the recessive allele in the population was found to be 0.62, calculate the frequency of the dominant allele in the population.

4.1.Assuming that this population is in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, predict what would happen to the frequency of recessive alleles in the population over 50 more years.

4.2.Outline a reason for your answer.

5.Explain why, under ‘real world’ conditions, it is difficult for organisms to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

  The graph shows the number of female l 3uux3lhq. v g1d- h96jqeh5iAfrican elephants (Loxodonta africana) born without tusks in Gorongosa National Park. How does natural selection explain the jlgu3-19e3lqh5i duqh6h .xvtrend shown in the graph?

  In the Indian ocean, sand coloured oys fz,.n8nwu jq6ters blend into rocks in the sand bar and dark coloure ,wfqnj6nz .8ud oysters blend better into the deepest parts of the ocean. What type of selection is this an example of?

  Which of the following statements best describes an analogous structure?*qcr - y/hz ccglb.68qgl5od-

  Based on the structure of each finm0+df+l96fh 1ur s horelimb shown below, which one is likely to be analogou60fsun+h1+mh f li9rds?

  Which are examples of direcavbiyd0,/d 8;+. rs6e ryekuttional selection?
I. Human babies with an average birth weight are more likely to survive than those that are below or above average
II. Black peppered moths are more likely to survive than lighter moths in industrial areas as they can camouflage better
III. Larger salmons are fished, resulting in the better survival of smaller salmons

  Which is not an exampls b96vnh.l7vv k5b 2ype of natural selection?

  Broad-leaved plants are often found near the gro,:1zxnr aav:vx0cn 9h9esgc yq- );sound in tropical rainforests. Which characteristag,esso; rq91zh0- )9c: :xn vxnacy vic of the leaf is an example of a useful adaptation?

  Which bird’s beak is best adapted for suck;6wp/avi iymzbe:ulc 8* ,:lying nectar from flowers?

  A population of plants with no resistance to d8xi gik8e6 fkkgg+(4herbivores may develop into a population of plant8e+ xd8gf 6k igk(k4gis that secrete a compound toxic to herbivores. How could this change occur?

The diagram represents the evol tr pwd4rsh )r/b3b5zq2-us/xution of features in the forefoot of horses from thebr)wh/trbq- s3pu5s/2dxr 4z oldest ancestor (a) to modern day horses (e).

1.1.Distinguish between the earliest and most recent forefoot.

1.2.Explain the mechanism through which the horse forefoot has changed over time.

1.3.Suggest what would happen if ancestral horses were brought back and introduced into the wild today. Justify your answer.

2.State the definition of evolution.

3.Different horse breeds exist in varying geographical locations. Suggest one possible way to show that these horses living in different geographical locations were from the same species.

  How does meiosis result in varia da7 ;aens2w5qy-s:vction?

Darwin’s finches are a group3 53 j5f5uqvkn, hvfcr of approximately 18 finches which share a common ancestor and are found on the Galapagos islands. Four of these finches an,kr55j3 qv hc3uff5vre shown below.

1.1.Explain the differences in beak shape and size shown in the four individuals A, B, C, D.

1.2.State two possible causes of genetic variation between finches found on the same island.

1.3.Discuss the hypothesis that the finches found on different islands are different species.

2.Species tend to produce more offspring than their environment can support. Explain how this contributes to natural selection.

  Which of the following is not an example of speciatj )kkw;3dcx6 pion?

1.Describe how mutations can result in nat 3jxhg9.khh;hzaa8 9anbv s66ural selection.

2.Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a population producing more offspring than the environment can support.

3.Explain how the misuse of antibiotics can lead to the development of bacterial resistance.

  Evolutionary fitness is a term used to describe adal,bp x08:9b hljf0 g dv(ihjx/ptations. Which of the following best describes the term evolutionary fitnesb hfhl p0gxvj j/id,8:x( 9bl0s?