The diagram shows the haploid number of chromosomes in a gamete. What co-zy6 9 -cx+ lay+oaehauld be the polyploid number of chromos9 hacz6y+--x+yelaoaomes for this organism?

  The overall structure of the fin of a whale, in terms of bones anala o(w8zk6ee4gpdtig.v. c5jv b 8*7d muscles, is similar to the overall structure of t gv* e4d.kge lapvj5wz68ci( a.t o8b7he limb of horses. What are these structures referred to as?

  Which of the following is the strongest eviea zl9n-0 7w4ch/bjh/af) oz 28dwpi h,avt7jdence supporting the hypothesis that two populations aw af72 htb4/,vz l8njjh e/a7oadh-z0pw ic9)re two different species?

The male firefly (P. p7rjqf+ o 9e twn(g3d:qyralis) signals to potential female mates by flashing its lights in specific patterns. Females will odfoen gq:9j t+(7w3rqnly respond to light patterns produced by their own species.

1.Identify the form of reproductive isolation that fireflies exhibit. Justify your answer.

2.Suggest one possible advantage of this mating ritual.

3.All fireflies seen today have diverged from the same ancestral species. Explain how speciation is responsible for the large variety of firefly species.

  What can result in speciation among organisms livin ) a)w9/0agkxmvzn 7fh4aqlg;g in the same location?

  Which describes the similarities and differenn* .eb/rmfw-e,o/rdi0 3pt(+ dtsntb57 cyxgces between isolating mechanisms in sympatric and allopatric spebo*t(. tm-ctd5bg+dner/3rf es n/ i07 x,ywpciation?

  Which of the following are often barrier q, )s9 qr5g dpk7g1ly jq(cexp1y(3xxs to hybridisation between species?
I. A given animal hybrid species has an even, as opposed to an odd number of chromosomes.
II. Two species of flowering plants produce gametes at different times of the year.
III. Behavioural barriers exist due to variations in bird song between species.

  Which is a key difference b5fxvrs s siz4gh0 3f6;etween homologous and analogous structures?

  The table shows factors that canf.h1vmaw ts; 9x7 (7mmvke( zt result in speciation. Which word is matched to th9((mmt t7h. mf ve;w zs7xka1ve correct definition?

  Shown in diagrams A and B are two pairs of similar structuucq:sm, . lq-ares.

Which of the following statements correctly explain the structural similarities shown in diagrams A and B?
I. Structural similarities in diagram A are primarily due to random mutations, not common ancestry.
II. Structural similarities in diagram B are due to the fact that they both perform similar functions.
III. Diagram A depicts analogous structures, and diagram B depicts homologous structures.

  What sequence of events usually occmp6 4e82exi1gf phmz+ur during the process of speciation?

  Triticum monococcum isygk8h6t-y-kz+i(p qjawsv7. an einkorn wheat and was the first domesticated crop. It has a diploid number of 14 chromosomes. Triticum turgidum is a durum wheat with a total of 28 chromosomes. It is a result of the hybridizat p8q-vyszg 7whkj-(iak6+ y.tion of Triticum monococcum and another grass Aegilops speltoides which also has a diploid number of 14. What is the correct term for Triticum turgidum in comparison to Triticum monococcum?

  It is thought that the congo river divided a population of the common ancestox43yc l.:w xxk6o-i 3p /mpdb9 :dqrhnr of bonobos (Pan paniscus) and chimpanzees (Pan troglo3 :mb-nixxpx yrq :/h6dcwk4lo39 .dpdytes), resulting in geographic isolation. Which correctly pairs theoretical selection pressures and consequent adaptations of the two populations?

  Which of the following provides evidence for evol4.qb.- ozwon bution through selective breeding o.wbo-4nb.zq ?
I. Phenotypic variation in the domesticated dog (Canis familiaris) has increased significantly as a result of humans selecting desirable traits.
II. Crop yield in domesticated crop plants is significantly greater than their wild relatives.
III. Homo sapiens in many parts of the world have alleles that provide resistance to diseases endemic to their region.

  The base sequence between two species was found to be cw1 6kt/c7kzsft ;w/g78% the same, while the order ow/g tw/kz7;fc 6kcts1 f amino acids found in the same cell types between two species was 82% the same. What may be the reason for this?

  When a horse, which has 64 chromosomes, and a donkey, whic 07dzdpuny7h xg+ bj:*h has 62 chromosomes reproduce, a mule offspring is produced. Which are correct descriptions of mulesdz0j7*7hx nb d+pu:yg?

I. Mules frequently produce offspring with other mules.
II. Cells in mules cannot undergo meiosis but can undergo mitosis.
III. Mule gametes have 63 chromosomes.

A study has been cond (qqjw ty-a+u9ucted on the effect of hormonal contraception pollution on the mating calls of the adult male African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis). Th9qa-juwqty +( e spectrogram shows the frequency and volume of clicks (mating call) of control X.laevis and those exposed to oestrogen.


1.Distinguish between the clicks in the spectrogram between the control X. laevis and the X. laevis treated with oestrogen in 1 second.

The graph shows the average duration of the X. laevis mating calls when exposed to the hormone oestrogen.


2.Describe the effect of oestrogen on the duration of the mating call.

3.Explain why it is important to have the X.laevis control group.

4.Identify the independent variable in this study.

5.1.Predict the reproductive success of X.laevis exposed to 29.6 ng/L of oestrogen.
5.2.Outline the possible consequences of oestrogen exposure on X. laevis.

  What is adaptive radiatiols+r .qb) 4d+pc5fsz6n8i ilxn?

  Which statement best illus n5v2d 0 x(k/gevdh:ss y:ylw9trates the process of evolution?

  Two species of smartweed (genus Persicaria) hmg,,u +a+ 9-gfvwsxvy dj o32zn1ff(iybridise and form a new species. If both of the parentx9u+s f(+y1 nf3a ovg,zv2wfg-, d mji species have two copies of each chromosome, how many copies of each chromosome is a daughter species most likely to have?

1.Compare and contrast naturans-hb8 ly eim(.e.:i 3a 9ducrl selection and selective breeding.

2.Using a named example, outline convergent evolution.

3.Using named examples, discuss the evidence which supports the theory of evolution.

1.Outline how polyploid *q/l ho.2kve cgdl0ny71bg v*y results in reproductive isolation.

2.Discuss the evidence for the theories of gradualism and punctuated equilibrium.

3.Explain the reasons for changes in allele frequency in different populations.

  Which is most likely a correct description of a given s(e)qt 4 . fz:9mtjxffd dosho +3c/tt;peciation event?

  The diagram below shows the feeding areas of four species of warbler (genus Seto h2*xgg; ki,uhphaga). What is the best explanai2g; xg*hu,k htion for how these warblers came to coexist in such close proximity?

1.Adaptive radiation results in a single ancestral species evolving into m8gr 59vet9a+xafd 3t wultiple, closely related new species which may live in close proximity to each other. Outline 3 mechanisms by which closely related species living in close proxrwtd+vfg598a t9e x3aimity may be reproductively isolated.

2.Outline the process by which two species may be formed from an ancestral population through the process of allopatric speciation.

3.Describe how sexual and asexual reproduction can lead to the formation of new species with different numbers of copies of each chromosome.