The diagram shows the hax) 9 j ldl,gq9p t1)5aphw*cxxploid number of chromosomes in a gamete. What could be the polyploid number of chromosomes for this orxx5t*qldl)p,h 9 xg )1w9japcganism?

  The overall structure of the fin of a wa08kiate6 l0z3c 89 ix4vbsdshale, in terms of bones and muscles, is similar to the overall structure of the limb of horses. What are these structures referre0 l z38 6 icba9vdi0k4a8xtssed to as?

  Which of the following is the strongest qhc m1s2,fkq ac y65d t/2kb*hevidence supporting the hypothesis that t/hdq 5 2m*k1chqtsk c, 6ay2bfwo populations are two different species?

The male firefly (P. pyralis) signals to potential female d )nh u-udc)/bmates by flashing its lights in specific patterns. Females will only respond to light patterns produced by th) )-cu/n dbdhueir own species.

1.Identify the form of reproductive isolation that fireflies exhibit. Justify your answer.

2.Suggest one possible advantage of this mating ritual.

3.All fireflies seen today have diverged from the same ancestral species. Explain how speciation is responsible for the large variety of firefly species.

  What can result in speciation among od0pj5fsf egq;; 24 xnfp 5rx0qrganisms living in the same location?

  Which describes the similarities and differences between isola9g(w u3 /bievjwe;9xx ting mechanisms in sym9i b(v/3xeu;9ge jxww patric and allopatric speciation?

  Which of the following are often barriers to hybridisation bet.n h ifm8ist0vcg+c /4ween species?
I. A given animal hybrid species has an even, as opposed to an odd number of chromosomes.
II. Two species of flowering plants produce gametes at different times of the year.
III. Behavioural barriers exist due to variations in bird song between species.

  Which is a key difference between homologous and analogous strimw7uz1iwyb6 xwfp; ;o-5 gvlsw j *25uctures?

  The table shows factors that can result in speciation. Which word 3hmn4+s jxy *c:brgg)is matched to the corhnsygr bg xj3+):c4m*rect definition?

  Shown in diagrams A and B are two pairs of 8kl -:v; wrxc7u ygm5osimilar structures.

Which of the following statements correctly explain the structural similarities shown in diagrams A and B?
I. Structural similarities in diagram A are primarily due to random mutations, not common ancestry.
II. Structural similarities in diagram B are due to the fact that they both perform similar functions.
III. Diagram A depicts analogous structures, and diagram B depicts homologous structures.

  What sequence of events usually occur durinve:ois+0mv )gr3crgy m7n3+hfrp1 2vg the process of speciation?

  Triticum monococcum is an einkorn wheat and was the first domestio8 lmzlw-6 a-ocated crop. It has a diploid number of 14 chromosomes. Triticum turgidum is a durum wheat with a total of 28 chromosomes. It is a result of the hybridization of Triticum monococcum and another grass Aegilops s68o-z mwlla-opeltoides which also has a diploid number of 14. What is the correct term for Triticum turgidum in comparison to Triticum monococcum?

  It is thought that the congo river divided a populatiqghech / 3,9(x7frm ohon of the common ancestor of bonobos (Pan paniscus) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), resulting in geographic isolation. Which mf qhegr ,7hh/x3 (c9ocorrectly pairs theoretical selection pressures and consequent adaptations of the two populations?

  Which of the following provides ea2/2/ skh g kji(m;bszvidence for evolution through selective breedinakz2(sk /gj b2hsi/m;g?
I. Phenotypic variation in the domesticated dog (Canis familiaris) has increased significantly as a result of humans selecting desirable traits.
II. Crop yield in domesticated crop plants is significantly greater than their wild relatives.
III. Homo sapiens in many parts of the world have alleles that provide resistance to diseases endemic to their region.

  The base sequence between two species was found to be 78% the same, wcs ax5lp2/ rv2b1av32x0 agmv 81xvyn hile the order of amino acids fo2yxs xagm5231c b vvnxv1 20 aalp/r8vund in the same cell types between two species was 82% the same. What may be the reason for this?

  When a horse, which has 64 chromosomes, and a donkbh5jt v5);yme3 8blvtey, which has 62 chromosomes reprol 3e vt;v)ymtb5h58b jduce, a mule offspring is produced. Which are correct descriptions of mules?

I. Mules frequently produce offspring with other mules.
II. Cells in mules cannot undergo meiosis but can undergo mitosis.
III. Mule gametes have 63 chromosomes.

A study has been conducted on the effect of hormonal contraception pollution o +vmxknfl;oxjzzmc 7(ia qy 590p80q72 9ivi in the mating calls of the adult male African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis). The spectrogram shows the frequency and volume of clicks (mating call) of controlpq90( m 7+a io 85xlq9kjxc7 vfviz;ni0im2yz X.laevis and those exposed to oestrogen.


1.Distinguish between the clicks in the spectrogram between the control X. laevis and the X. laevis treated with oestrogen in 1 second.

The graph shows the average duration of the X. laevis mating calls when exposed to the hormone oestrogen.


2.Describe the effect of oestrogen on the duration of the mating call.

3.Explain why it is important to have the X.laevis control group.

4.Identify the independent variable in this study.

5.1.Predict the reproductive success of X.laevis exposed to 29.6 ng/L of oestrogen.
5.2.Outline the possible consequences of oestrogen exposure on X. laevis.

  What is adaptive radiat j+upvb-zvyeh15h*/t ion?

  Which statement best illustrates the procesccyiq 66cl+r; 45whpxx. qsmytj.9 t6 s of evolution?

  Two species of smartweed (gehv(g txbevnz g:w*gi16:ec 38nus Persicaria) hybridise and form a new species. If both of the parent species have two copies of each chromosome, how many copies of each chromosome is a dg n(g1b6:h:3 gv v*icew 8texzaughter species most likely to have?

1.Compare and contrast natural selection a/ -ctyuj1pkpifn .n.1nd selective breeding.

2.Using a named example, outline convergent evolution.

3.Using named examples, discuss the evidence which supports the theory of evolution.

1.Outline how polyploidy results n2dod-l(a o.)c j.sgbin reproductive isolation.

2.Discuss the evidence for the theories of gradualism and punctuated equilibrium.

3.Explain the reasons for changes in allele frequency in different populations.

  Which is most likely a correct description of a giv.lbpzrd ankhhx2si5 7--8 p-den speciation event?

  The diagram below shows the feeding arhn:ysa g/8 y/ dex q5c0:,odiqeas of four species of warbler (genus Setophxe q:yq/h8,0ys5:n a do/idg caga). What is the best explanation for how these warblers came to coexist in such close proximity?

1.Adaptive radiation results in a single ancest/wzc rc-6ywg(xbdzcrm tni*pj 81x; vxv 9-:9ral species evolving into multiple, closely related new species which may live in close proximity to each othebjv/w1-*c6: vxr;(99i -mz8t r x w xcypgcndzr. Outline 3 mechanisms by which closely related species living in close proximity may be reproductively isolated.

2.Outline the process by which two species may be formed from an ancestral population through the process of allopatric speciation.

3.Describe how sexual and asexual reproduction can lead to the formation of new species with different numbers of copies of each chromosome.