Give a reaction between two nucleons- 04z89ahw/e3g-p ddi patlbm, similar to Eq. 32-4, that could produce a -lmt apdagi0 p3b/98w4hd-z e$\pi^0$.

  If a proton is moving at very high speed, so t;thb3w ea4f;that its kinetic energy is much greater than its rest energ hwtf3e4;tb a;y ($mc^2$), can it then decay via $p \to n + \pi^+$?  ----待选择----yesno 

What would an "antiatom," made up of the antiparticles to the constituents7mp8+teqexm 9*1ygm *9 yotzy of normal atoms, consist of? What might happen if antimatter, made of such antiatqzyop e g9et8m+*y9xty* m 1m7oms, came in contact with our normal world of matter?

What particle in a decay signals the ellrvdkpm,l 6s*m8+cb0 ectromagnetic interaction?

Does the presence of a neutrino jf+sl bf/z-:eamong the decay products of a particle necessarily mean that the decay occurs via the weak interaction? Do all d j-b/:zls+effecays via the weak interaction produce a neutrino? Explain.

Why is it that a neutron decays via the weak interaction even-l8 o7gx9/f w5brq wqv though the neutron and one of its decay products (proton) are stb7f9w8ovgrx /-qqw 5 lrongly interacting?

Which of the four interactions (strong, electromagnetic, weak, gravitatio 4nrsw,. w,lpiihl, j9nal) does an electron take rspnjwih,l . 9l,, iw4part in? A neutrino? A proton?

Check that charge and baryon number 0h og)+navyl-yz2yyg;st,h 5 are conserved in each of the decays in Table 32ts,yyl )ohg v-+yya5 0gn z;2h-2.

Which of the particle decays in Tabcwlsv a0 /g-hevspb-l;q v- (5le 32-2 occur via the electromagnetic interacti0 hs g5/-el-qv(cvp-lsw ab; von?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-2 occur by the weak, znoir2r-+qg12ntd: h yc(zq interaction?

By what interaction, and why, doetztft(9j:*: ar v z ft fthbmg//o.em,jo8q60 s $\Sigma^0$ decay to $\Lambda^0 + \gamma$? What about $\Xi^-$ decaying to $\Lambda^0 + \pi^-$?

The $\Delta$ baryon has spin $\frac{3}{2}$, baryon number 1, and charge states $Q = +2, +1, 0, -1$. Why is there no charge state $Q = -2$?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-4 occur via the electromagnetic interanf*p4sc 4sq j-qlf( l-ctinq 4f* pclj qs-fs-4l(on?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-4 occur by the weak i0f)1yfp). g;nb i5h d qzvcd9nnteraction?

Quarks have spin $\frac{1}{2}$. How do you account for the fact that baryons have spin $\frac{1}{2}$ or $\frac{3}{2}$, and mesons have spin 0 or 1?

Suppose there were a kind of "neutrinolet" 5gksrob (q+3(o xx; phthat was massless, had no color charge or electrical charge, and;(shkq( x5ogxbo 3 +rp did not feel the weak force. Could you say that this particle even exists?

  Is it possible for a t w2gce;dk52bparticle to be both
(a) a lepton and a baryon?  ----待选择----yesno 
(b) a baryon and a hadron? ----待选择----yesno 
(c) a meson and a quark? ----待选择----yesno 
(d) a hadron and a lepton?  ----待选择----yesno 
Explain.

Using the ideas of quantum chromodynamics, would it be pr g,o+bi k-*ops2 b.ywossible to find particles made up of two quarks and no antiquarks? What about two quarks and,psb2wy b-k *gr.i+ oo two antiquarks?

Why do neutrons decay when they are free but not when they are o7,j,pft sgjrv)+f;t +q9axainside the nucleurftx9, fatj7sa+;vpg qj, o )+s?

  Is the reaction $e^- + p \to n + \nu_e$ possible? Explain.  ----待选择----yesno 

Occasionally, the $\pi^+$ will decay by the following reaction: $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$. Which of the four forces in nature is responsible for this decay? How do you know?

  What is the total energy of a proton whose kinetic energy is 6.35 G8r/um zb5q 8gkeV?    GeV

  Calculate the wavelength of 35-GeV electronjcq 9ku:jit;2s. E =    $\times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  What strength of magnetic field is used in a cyclq +0 -jap2e anish/dzvg 6pjzg0-r q53otron in which protons make $2.8 \times 10^7$ revolutions per second? $f$ =    T

  What is the time for one complete revoluzz: u:ol-- vhetion for a very high-energy proton in the 1.0- oeu:lzh:-vz -km-radius Fermilab accelerator? T =     $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{s}$

  If $\alpha$ particles are accelerated by the cyclotron of Example 32-2, what must be the frequency of the voltage applied to the dees? $f$ =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{Hz}$

  (a) If the cyclotron of h3xvj v7i3 ql-+g2fx;m*bj pr Example 32-2 accelerated $\alpha$ particles, what maximum energy could they attain? What would their speed be? KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(b) Repeat for deuterons ($^2\text{H}$).KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(c) In each case, what frequency of voltage is required? $f$ =    Hz

  Which is better for picking out details of the nucs dko7,e2p a3qleus: 30-MeV alpha particles or 30-MeV protons? Compare each of their wavelengths with the sa k37o2sepq d,ize of a nucleon in a nucleus.  ----待选择---- alpha particles protons 

  The voltage across the dee7 -zrb(*y8mt qyhgt.j5fx9; gjier a.r0ts0ss of a cyclotron is 55 kV. How many revolutions do protons make to reach a kinetic energy of 25 MeVhfr9 (; 80 .j0yb7ig-rxettmrsqta*z 5y.j sg? $\approx $    $\ \text{revolutions}$

  What is the wavelength (/vwi6p mq/huf-tv:f3$\lambda$, maximum resolvable distance) of 7.0-TeV protons? E =    $\times 10^{-19}\ \text{m}$

  A cyclotron with a radius of 1.0 m is to accel01s9qzein .mj9tk.f s erate deuterons ($^2\text{H}$, mass $= 2.014$ u) to an energy of 12 MeV.
(a) What is the required magnetic field?$\approx $    T
(b) What frequency is needed for the voltage between the dees?$\simeq $    Hz
(c) If the potential difference between the dees averages 22 kV, how many revolutions will the particles make before exiting?$\approx$    $\ \text{revolutions}$
(d) How much time does it take for one deuteron to go from start to exit? $\Delta t$ =    $ \times 10^{-6}\ \text{s}$
(e) Estimate how far it travels during this time. distance =    m

  The 4.25-km-radius tunnel that will be used to house the magnets for/ u)c h5cb ya0p,p7hubp5s7tk the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) calls for proton beams of energy 5pt up k ua0)hch5b7/bpy,s7c 7.0 TeV. What magnetic field will be required? B =    T

  The 1.0-km radius Fermilab Tevatron tak8*u(vh) gxc eoes about 20 seconds to bring the energies of the stored proton (ec xouh8*gv)s from 150 GeV to 1.0 TeV. The acceleration is done once per turn. Estimate the energy given to the protons on each turn. (You can assume that the speed of the protons is essentially $c$ the whole time.) Energy/revolution =    MeV/rev

Show that the energy of a particle (char o/gc+s1ymehl h8)1krge $e$) in a synchrotron, in the relativistic limit ($v \approx c$), is given by $E\ (\text{in eV}) = Brc$, where $B$ is magnetic field strength and $r$ the radius of the orbit (SI units).

  What magnetic field intensity is nekf+.y 4ekgyy t) hh./peded at the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab synchrotron for 1.0-TeV proth+gyk).. yyekpf4 t h/ons? B =    T

  How much energy is releasedrzdd.*e 1 t6wzo 5fm eu0eru8(lhf,) g in the decay $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$? See Table 32–2.    MeV

  About how much energy ie3lcf -l- vsipv(r +8us released when a $\Sigma^+$ decays to $n + \pi^+$? (See Table 32–2.)    MeV

  How much energy is re* p1t9ss edq0gquired to produce a neutron-antineutron pair?    MeV

  Estimate the range of the strong force if the mediating particle were the kaor 3tibvvxe88//rx mt* n in8/ xv vxerbt/38 rt*imstead of the pion. $mc^2$ $\approx$    $ \times 10^{-16}\ \text{m}$

  Two protons are heading toward11 us( wedrt4exs81l d each other with equal speeds. What minimum kinetic enerld w118 tse4usrxe1( dgy must each have if a $\pi^0$ meson is to be created in the process? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  What minimum kinetic energy must two neuooj u 2sjjsju99e4y */trons each have if they are traveling at the same speed toward each other, collj s 9j2o uuyoj9/sje*4ide, and produce a $\pi^0$ pair in addition to themselves? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  Estimate the range of the weak force using Eq. 32-3, given the massp ieo;p- s.w, rupq7/les of the W and Z par r7ip-se q,uo ppl/;.wticles as about 80 to $90\ \text{GeV}/c^2$. $mc^2$$\approx $    $\times 10^{-18}\ \text{m}$

  What are the wavelengths of the two photth*vq):f x q 9b.tenf7ons produced when a proton and antiproton at rest a7.*x:hebq fqt9f nt )vnnihilate? $2m_0c^2$$\approx $    $ \times 10^{-15}\ \text{m}$

The $\Lambda^0$ cannot decay by the following reactions. What conservation law is violated in each of the reactions?
(a) $\Lambda^0 \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $\Lambda^0 \to p + K^-$
(c) $\Lambda^0 \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$

  For the decay $\Lambda^0 \to p + \pi^-$, calculate (a) the Q-value (energy released),Q=    MeV
(b) the kinetic energy of the p and $\pi^-$ assuming the $\Lambda^0$ decays from rest. (Use relativistic formulas.)
$KE_p$ =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

Show, by conserving momentum and energy, that it is impo zkjshus7vwh+:e.7 u(sm0d ibh * bp7)ssible for an isolated electron to radiate only a single photon. (b) With this result in mind, how can you defend the photon exchange diagram in (Fig. Below)?j7hhbp*bzs (+7)muvuse.hd0 ksw i:7

  What would be the wavelengths of the two photons c*w *t8b,: ddno64jkflda bp)produced when an electron and a positron, each with 420 keV of b*8,a:4o) fl p* tdwdc kndbj6kinetic energy, annihilate head on? $\lambda $ $\approx $    $ \times 10^{-12}\ \text{m}$

  In the rare decay $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$, what is the kinetic energy of the positron? Assume the $\pi^+$ decays from rest. $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions and decayswk q;l0f j0d7i zmls9x.5g t 1saxmx// are possible? For those forbidden, explain what laws are violategq/xkxlm0a s jz50xd.f l/ 9t 1m;wsi7d.
(a) $\pi^- + p \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $p \to e^+ + \nu_e$
(c) $p + p \to p + e^+ + \pi^+$
(d) $\pi^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$
(e) $\mu^+ \to e^+ + \nu_\mu$
(f) $p \to n + e^+ + \nu_e$

  Calculate the kinetic energy of each of the two products in the dech:mhr -7t*wr nq13ejg ay $\Xi^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^-$. Assume the $\Xi^-$ decays from rest.
$\text{KE}_{\Lambda^0}$   MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$   MeV

  Could a $\pi^+$ meson be produced if a 100-MeV proton struck a proton at rest? What minimum kinetic energy must the incoming proton have? $\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  Calculate the maximum kine v,,yg4khghv7r +2h rvtic energy of the electron in the decay $\mu^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e + \nu_\mu$. [Hint: In what direction do the two neutrinos move relative to the electron in order to give the latter the maximum kinetic energy? Both energy and momentum are conserved; use relativistic formulas.] $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$    MeV

  Use (Fig. Below) to estimate the energy wid/x z ncr22ehok3m1c 0wn*4l/cb+pzwx th and then the lifetime of the $\Delta$ resonance using the uncertainty principle.
$\Delta E$ =    MeV
$\Delta t$=    $ \times 10^{-24}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width of (e 55h d6(h;uim2 czxktn ec3qthe $\Upsilon$ meson is 88 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width oh( f v 3y1xmj5ls/7httus )3ihf the $J/\psi$ (3685) meson is 277 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  What is the energy width (or uncertainty) of sd* a5n9n apv/
(a) $\pi^0$, $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV
(b) $\Sigma^0$? (See Table 32-2.) $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV

The $B^-$ meson is a $b\bar{u}$ quark combination. (a) Show that this is consistent for all quantum numbers. (b) What are the quark combinations for $B^+$, $B^0$, $\bar{B}^0$?

Which of the following decays are possible? For /qvclt3/ h,jnthose that are forbidden, explain lt/,c n/qv j3hwhich laws are violated.
(a) $\Xi^0 \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^-$
(b) $\Omega^- \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^- + \nu$
(c) $\Sigma^0 \to \Delta^0 + \gamma + \gamma$

What are the quark combinations that can form (a) a neutroa8sfn/c(g/ am n, (b) an antineutron, (c) a //m gf scna(a8$\pi^+$, (d) a $K^-$?

What particles do the following quark combinations prodb: )vf mx-1 rkau/;ohwuce: (a) $uud$, (b) $uu\bar{d}$, (c) $u\bar{s}$, (d) $\bar{d}u$, (e) $c\bar{s}$?

What is the quark combination p+ pylw5gk8fk p+9nq:needed to produce a $D^+$ meson ($Q=B=S=0, c=+1$)?

The $D_s^+$ meson has $S=c=+1, B=0$. What quark combination would produce it?

Draw a possible Feynman diagram using quarks (as ::gt9obd /c inw:yx0rin Fig. Below) for the reaction:ow n:g 0y/:d rc9tbxi $p + \pi^- \to n + \pi^0$.

Draw a Feynman diagram for the rezy.v /93mranzp zze) ghr:/w( action $n + \nu_\mu \to p + \mu^-$.

  What is the total energy of a proton whose kinetic energy is 25 GeV? What is o18on ;h- +cx3rph pkuitsp hp h;u3ro8n-+x1o ck wavelength?
$\approx$    $ \ \text{GeV}$
$\lambda$ $= $    $ \times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  Assume there are $5.0 \times 10^{13}$ protons at 1.0 TeV stored in the 1.0-km-radius ring of the Tevatron.
(a) How much current (amperes) is carried by this beam?I =    A
(b) How fast would a 1500-kg car have to move to carry the same kinetic energy as this beam? v $\approx $    $ \times 10^2\ \text{m/s}$

  Protons are injected into the 1.0-km-radiusn4edewle m0) k(i2u 1r Fermilab Tevatron with an energy of 150 GeV. If they are accelerated by 2.5 MV each revolution, how far do they travel and approximately how long does it take for them to reach 1.0 TeV? eumk 4 1 ie(wl0rde)n2d$\approx $    $ \times 10^9\ \text{m}$

  (a) How much energy is released when an electron and a positron annihilate errtou)76d w3b ach otherr wr6dtbu )7o3? $E_{\text{total}}$=    MeV
(b) How much energy is released when a proton and an antiproton annihilate each other? (All particles have $KE = 0$.) $E_{\text{total}}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reo)dtzk1uu 3 3kactions are possible, and by what interaction could they occur? For those forbidden, explain why. zt ouk u33d1)k
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^+ + \Sigma^-$
(b) $p + \pi^+ \to K^+ + \Sigma^+$
(c) $p + \pi^- \to \Lambda^0 + K^0 + \pi^0$
(d) $p + \pi^+ \to \Sigma^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $p \to \pi^+ + e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$

Which of the following reactions are p4)i o7 d y.tu7ay3gwvbossible, and by what interaction could they occur? For those 77. d4ytagw3b)voiyu forbidden, explain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^0 + p + \pi^0$
(b) $p + K^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^0$
(c) $n + K^+ \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^0 + \gamma$
(d) $K^- \to \pi^- + \pi^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$

One decay mode for aa69q k 07 ,zt)dltkybi $\pi^+$ is $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$. What would be the equivalent decay for a $\pi^-$? Check conservation rules.

  Symmetry breaking occurs in the electrowebv+uuv-9 9 t q/cg*phuak theory at about $10^{-18}\ \text{m}$. Show that this corresponds to an energy that is on the order of the mass of the W boson ($M_W c^2 \approx 80\ \text{GeV}$). $mc^2$$\approx$   GeV

  The mass of a $\pi^0$ can be measured by observing the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \pi^0 + n$ at very low incident $\pi^-$ kinetic energy (assume it is zero). The neutron is observed to be emitted with a kinetic energy of 0.60 MeV. Use conservation of energy and momentum to determine the $\pi^0$ mass. $E_{\pi^0}$ =    $MeV/c^2$

  Calculate the Q-value for each of the reactions, Eq. 32-4, for producing a piob2i:c rg(v3v( .qzk2tvsj0n on.q((b3vi vzvs2 :.ct 0ongr2j k $Q$ =   $MeV$ or $Q$ =    $MeV$

  Calculate the Q-value for the reacfo(2w pf9y 85jdw (zpjtion $\pi^- + p \to \Lambda^0 + K^0$ when negative pions strike stationary protons. Estimate the minimum pion kinetic energy needed to produce this reaction. [Hint: Assume $\Lambda^0$ and $K^0$ move off with the same velocity.]
Q =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  How many fundamental fermions are there in a water mo0sz hc4 ixmeg,qr-+6.q-sfo4ej/ry k lecule?    fermions

  A proton and an antiproton annihilaqk2;tt lf+(2; fs4c fmx w3t:6sgynffte each other at rest and produce two pions, tfgcq(:tfkf4 x 6w;s;n+ylt2 3 m2ffs$\pi^-$ and $\pi^+$. What is the kinetic energy of each pion? $2m_pc^2$ =    MeV

  (a) Show that the so-called unification distancelj lc2np6awvxb w q)md 997-7k of $10^{-31}\ \text{m}$ in grand unified theory is equivalent to an energy of about $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. Use the uncertainty principle, and also de Broglie's wavelength formula, and explain how they apply. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{16}$GeV E =    $ \times 10^{15}$
(b) Calculate the temperature corresponding to $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. E =    $10^{28} K$

For the reaction $p + p \to 3p + \bar{p}$, where one of the initial protons is at rest, use relativistic formulas to show that the threshold energy is $6m_p c^2$, equal to three times the magnitude of the Q-value of the reaction, where $m_p$ is the proton mass. [Hint: Assume all final particles have the same velocity.]

  The lifetimes listed in Table 32-2 are in terms da-2jb8ydp n3 of proper time, measured in a reference frame where the particle is at rest. If a tau lepton is created with a kinetic energy of 450 MeV,8ja2bn -dydp3 how long would its track be as measured in the lab, on average, ignoring any collisions? $\Delta x_{\text{lab}} = $    $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{m}$

Identify the missing particle in the follo/06so a f)erx wk))ghgcvst14wing reactions.
(a) $p + p \to p + n + \pi^+ + ?$
(b) $p + ? \to n + \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$

Use the quark model to describe the 7jgq0/epse d; reaction $p + n \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$.

What fraction of the speed of lig9 ub+4.: ftq9wm+p t2zeaybil ht $c$ is the speed of a 7.0-TeV proton?