Does Huygens’ principle apply to sound waves? To water waves? Explain.9mi rwi+g7l; v

What is the evidence that light is enepv rkp oe.sa8q0ul s1y- 5c22brgy?

Why is light sometimes described as rays and sometimes a,rjiod f i/y*7n- r5wps waves?

We can hear sounds around corners, but we canu2 wb u;5-ubq(h 8jcb lmc3q9iui:rz3not see around corners; yet both sound and light are wahiq; w-cb3 z3( biu5 bm82lcu uu:q9rjves. Explain the difference.

If Young’s double-slit ozzxw 0, *,.;nlr.cr6q u x5e *gq 3jhyns4ddzexperiment were submerged in water, how would the fringe pattern be changedc j4ngd qqe d.3znzr*.,w;ro, x 5xsz6l*h0yu ?

Monochromatic red light is incident on a double slit, and the interferenq*4+zc;q;qgf vlt k/nujpt3 ( ce pattern is viewed on a screen some distance away. Explain how thez3; q;q+tc*lvpjgu 4ktn (f/q fringe pattern would change if the red light source is replaced by a blue light source.

Two rays of light from the same source destructively interfer uwqf3n3w* xm+,e y yfm,3j(use if their path lengths differ be+yfs m,3uxw nw,yuf3(m 3*jqy how much?

Why was the observation of the double-fsd e okc(1*o-slit interference pattern more convincing evidence for the wave th-d(o1 k* fecoseory of light than the observation of diffraction?

Compare a double-slit experil ls)8o7zs0q fment for sound waves to that for light waves. Discuss thefsqo z sll80)7 similarities and differences.

Why doesn’t the light from the two headlights of as 3 st3fq -ri2zuvh29 2i5bvgm distant car produce an interferencefh mg 3zui5q3vitsv 2-sbr 292 pattern?

Suppose white light falls on the two slits of Fig.x m+g6p1pvn +;o u ee)u-m4r6mwds+xyy7i- qo 24–7, but one slit is covered b6 u m-im4dppsygr)e w-vo7 + +o6qx1;y+uexmny a red filter (700 nm) and the other by a blue filter (450 nm). Describe the pattern on the screen.

When white light passes through a flat piece of window glass, it is not br65 whtg,vq z)hoken down into colors as it5hgthzq)w ,v6 is by a prism. Explain.

For both converging and diverging lensvz:0 *)um*ihq yhbs)nhcy335hui u x6 es, discuss how the focal length for red lig*u)nhs 0hu q:6*cvh )yhbixz3ym iu35ht differs from that for violet light.

A ray of light is refracted throukz l)/;l -3gdkbg;i nigh three different materials (Fig. 24–55). Rank the materials according to their index of refraction, le/ngk)lbi i3; gk;ld-z ast to greatest.

Hold one hand close to your eye and focus on a distql gz.f68sp86+ fhko5avus+uant light source through a naufs8zs p+ofg 5v8qa+k 66l.hurrow slit between two fingers. (Adjust your fingers to obtain the best pattern.) Describe the pattern that you see.

What happens to the diffraction pattern of a single slit siet:-6 hhgpzx ,v ;+rif the whole apparatus is immhx h6pg,s;ez+t- r v:iersed in (a) water, (b) a vacuum, instead of in air.

For diffraction by a single slit, whapn 1ab *y1qc8lt is the effect of increasing (a) the slit width, and (b) ta yl8qnpc1b1 *he wavelength?

What is the difference in the interference9v2l tty g (tjl,9vwhk vcn0+/ patterns formed (a) by two slits $^{-4}\;cm^2$ apart, (b) by a diffraction grating containing $10^4lines/cm$?

For a diffraction grating, what is the advantage of (a) many slits, (b) closelyz* dn,int*q.lomqh26 spaced slits? z*m ,tqdl*iq6o2n.hn

White light strikes (a) a diffraction gratingv26wnpcv 8l1e, and (b) a prism. A rainbow appears on a wall just below the direction of the horizontal incident beam in each case. What is the 6vl2w81pe v cncolor of the top of the rainbow in each case? Explain.

For light consisting of wavelengths between 400 g*zuo. b.3ebirl p7d1 0ekz /qn+l1zunm and 700 nm, incident normally on a diffraction grati.ndeg.lzikb/ u31*7 1b ql+0up eo zzrng, for what orders (if any) would there be overlap in the observed spectrum? Does your answer depend on the slit spacing?

Why are interference fringes noti,2y6,v lsfj z9ru dociq8hf 8:ceable only for a thin film like a soap bubble and not for a thick piece of glasu,cyoi 889dlh z2rv6sj: qf, fs, say?

When a compact disk (CD) is helpgncot(s 7 c+e8 op7m;d at an angle in white light, the reflected light is a full spectrum (Fig. 24–56). Explain. What wou(+78p e;n cmc oos7tgpld you expect to see if monochromatic light was used?

Why are Newton’s rings (Fig. 24–31) closer together farther from the cen,3:1 jpndvngi4xr yn -lfb83zbe+)y8 .zj ititer?

Some coated lenses appear greenish yellow when seen by reflr-2u7xmgkl 1,i: oglzected light. What wavellk or-x7g21,uiz: lm gengths do you suppose the coating is designed to transmit completely?

A drop of oil on a pond appears bright at its edges, where its thickness is mucht;8yoyg lgj.c sf:i.l+ q14tm less than the wavelengths of visible light. What can you sf.ls;y4oitq 8l gj. t1y+g:mcay about the index of refraction of the oil?

What does polarizatirloivwpa6p15:e;,v3r0r b t pon tell us about the nature of light?

Explain the advantage of pnz-uw(p7 oit(34jgib 8c e9mu olarized sunglasses over normal tinted sunglasses.

How can you tell if a pair of sunglasses is pos gwdq 1qsp*);8n;dh5 7ypf h. zc.miolarizing or not?

Two polarized sheets rotated vq sx69u so-7jat an angle of 90$^{\circ}\,$ with respect to each other will not let any light through. Three polarized sheets, each rotated at an angle of 45$^{\circ}\,$ with respect to each other, will let some light through. What will happen to unpolarized light if you align four polarized sheets, each rotated at an angle of 30$^{\circ}\,$ with respect to the one in front of it?

What would be the color of the sky m:v+v u/m z3yzf 8cz4lif the Earth had no atmosphere?

If the Earth’s atmosphere were 50 times d y(*d (ts g*5lnlb,yhxenser than it is, would sunlight still be white, or would itsny y*txhb((5l*dl, g be some other color?

  Monochromatic light falling ;ef7 lka hb-vr *pdri,s9)-lb dm )9jxon two slits 0.016 mm apart produces the fifth-order frin-lr9 p vm,7;)9jid* fbreh xa-slkb)dge at an 8.8$^{\circ}\,$ angle. What is the wavelength of the light used?    $ \times10^{-7 }\;m$

  The third-order fringe of 610 nm light is observed at an ty;x.a x)4n qsangle of 18$^{\circ}\,$ when the light falls on two narrow slits. How far apart are the slits?    $\mu m$

  Monochromatic light falls on two j1t u+y3d8 tdez;x+u hvery narrow slits 0.048 mm apart. Successive fringes on a screen 5.00 m away are 6.5 cm apart near the center of the pattern. Determinj8y x t;eu1d+z+3utd he the wavelength and frequency of the light.
$\lambda\;=\;$    $m$
$f$ =    Hz

  A parallel beam of light from a He-Ne laser, with a wavelength 656 nm, falls o-m :mbbbbz i5/k(+h,dqt jb3tn two very narrow slits 0.db bbtimkj+-t :hb b,(q/m53z060 mm apart. How far apart are the fringes in the center of the pattern on a screen 3.6 m away?    cm

  Light of wavelength 68s npspuev5tq- q h(-l, 7aeu6.0 nm falls on two slits and produces an interference pattern in which the fourth-order fringe iv-(s.5henaps 6t p ,l7equ- uqs 38 mm from the central fringe on a screen 2.0 m away. What is the separation of the two slits?    mm

  If 720-nm and 660-nm lig6ao gp9bcxeyr d np48p.+5uk6ht passes through two slits 0.58 mm apart, how far apart are the s.o+pg85y6ckrbn6e4 dpx9ua p econd-order fringes for these two wavelengths on a screen 1.0 m away?    mm

  In a double-slit experiment, it is found that blue lig-7hic: aje w 90ybm/rcht of wavelength 460 nm gives a second-order maximum at a certain location on the screen. What wave-yie7:hr a bj/ c9w0mclength of visible light would have a minimum at the same location?    nm

Water waves having parallel crests 2.5 cm apart pass through4wr ;8 hj 53dy9yuqmmc two openings 5.0 cm apart in a board. At a point 2.0 m beyond the board, at what angle relative to the “straight-through” direction would there be rc yjmw98hmqu5;y 34 dlittle or no wave action?

Suppose a thin piece of glass is placed in front of the lower slit in Fugqje )hf 5(we1mvic9+66nct ig. 24–7 so that the two ww t hq+6enu)(gef j91vim cc56aves enter the slits 180$^{\circ}\,$ out of phase (Fig. 24–57). Describe in detail the interference pattern on the screen.
24-7
24-57

  In a double-slit experiment, the third-order maximum for light of waveleng+0k+onabns s); q v1jith 500 nm is located 12 mm from the central bright spot on a screen 1.6 m from the slits. Light of wavelength 650 nm is then projected through the samjq a;i0 + o)nv+sn1skbe slits. How far from the central bright spot will the second-order maximum of this light be located?    mm

  Two narrow slits separated by 1.0 mm are illuminated by 544 nm light. Find the x, uv )tn79ec3 noqya81ozud 5distance between adjacent bright fringes on a screen 5.0 m fro3oxqn u) zdy5v ,nae89t1u oc7m the slits.    mm

  Light of wavelength 480 nm in air falls;wf .7lp9u:7tbpmsv p on two slits $6.00 \times10^{-2 }\;mm$ apart. The slits are immersed in water, as is a viewing screen 40.0 cm away. How far apart are the fringes on the screen?    mm

  A very thin sheet of plastic (n=1.60) cob(fdtr vr05r b t+;,aivers one slit of a double-slit apparatus illuminated by 640-nm light. The center point on the screen, instead of b;v0fr darb, +bt(i5rteing a maximum, is dark. What is the (minimum) thickness of the plastic?    nm

  By what percent, appro : . (+skvuk ,zs6em4lbdk8ywjximately, does the speed of red light (700 nm) exceed that of violet light (400 nm) in z. d ses v(l+ku4j8k:w6y ,bmksilicate flint glass? (See Fig. 24–14.)    %

  A light beam strikes a piece +m+ 6ef*kjyw qof glass at a 60.00$^{\circ}\,$ incident angle. The beam contains two wavelengths, 450.0 nm and 700.0 nm, for which the index of refraction of the glass is 1.4820 and 1.4742, respectively. What is the angle between the two refracted beams?    $^{\circ}\,$

  A parallel beam of l55m8n* ne evsg,8bts iight containing two wavelengths, $\lambda_1\;=\;450\;nm$ and $\lambda_2\;=\;650\;nm$, enters the silicate flint glass of an equilateral prism as shown in Fig. 24–58. At what angle does each beam leave the prism (give angle with normal to the face)?
$\theta_{d1}$    $^{\circ}\,$ from the normal
$\theta_{d2}$    $^{\circ}\,$ from the normal

  If 580-nm light falls on a slit 0.0440 mm wide, what is the full 0igz4e fyiis*r 61b*d jd 1vm1angular width of the central diffraction peb 0i*1id dy 1 vji4zfe1*grm6sak?    $^{\circ}\,$

  Monochromatic light falls on a slit that is zzbe9y 7ssoy ,3c f*+s$ 2.60\times10^{ -3}\;mm$ wide. If the angle between the first dark fringes on either side of the central maximum is 35.0$^{\circ}\,$ (dark fringe to dark fringe), what is the wavelength of the light used?    nm

  Light of wavelength 520 nm falls on a slit thatm2zjco/v .yr6 cn92jt is $ 3.20\times10^{ -3}\;mm$ wide. Estimate how far the first brightish diffraction fringe is from the strong central maximum if the screen is 10.0 m away.    m

  A single slit 1.0 mm wide is ila2( ux-vxc1uism)r6 rluminated by 450-nm light. What is the width of the central maximrmaisv )urx 1c(-x26u um (in cm) in the diffraction pattern on a screen 5.0 m away?    cm

  Monochromatic light of wavelength 653 nm fa*rwi 47 30 b;rato:ejt8zqtjo lls on a slit. If the angle between the first bright fringes on eit 7a b0: o84jezti t;r3wjorq*ther side of the central maximum is 32$^{\circ}\,$, estimate the slit width.    $\mu m$

  How wide is the central diffraction b um1 (vmvc08dpeak on a screen 2.30 m behind a 0.0348-mm-wide slit illuminated by 589- 0 m1vm(vdu8cbnm light?    cm

  When blue light of wavelength 440 nm falls on a si 7ge p.ygaia9bd;ec +1ngle slit, the first dark bands on either side of center are separated b91.+ iya7gba gep;e dcy 55.0$^{\circ}\,$. Determine the width of the slit.    $ \times10^{-7 }\;m$

  When violet light ofizc;u:f , ky+uc .jo6o+c lji* wavelength 415 nm falls on a single slit, it creates a central diffractz ic;+. yojfcjc *u k,lu6io:+ion peak that is 9.20 cm wide on a screen that is 2.55 m away. How wide is the slit?    mm

  If a slit diffracts 650-nm light so that the diffraction maximum is 4.0 cm wide6mz2j0 kaehv6j9i5pj on a scre69zh5 j ma0pji6kjv 2een 1.50 m away, what will be the width of the diffraction maximum for light of wavelength 420 nm?    cm

For a given wavelengthigtb (y 2 5we( 6pkf22uvqrdj6 $\lambda$, what is the maximum slit width for which there will be no diffraction minima?

  At what angle will 560-nm light produce a second-order maximum when falling onx5 hi,1t*;* r6shwp hir;jyqj a grating wht5y*jp;w h*6irx1jq ih;s,hr ose slits are $1.45 \times10^{-3 }\;cm$ apart?    $^{\circ}\,$

  A $3500-line/cm$ grating produces a third-order fringe at a 28.0$^{\circ}\,$ angle. What wavelength of light is being used?    nm

  How many lines per centimeter does a grating have if the4;,xbgfqf l z) third-order occurs at an 18.0 z,4x)fqbgl; f$^{\circ}\,$ angle for 630-nm light?    $ \times10^{3 }\,lines/cm$

  A grating has $8300\;lines/cm$. How many complete spectral orders can be seen (400 nm to 700 nm) when it is illuminated by white light?   

  The first-order line of 589-nm light falling on a diffract tj qky9zlw:07ion grating is observed at a 15:9t7yk ljzqw0.5$^{\circ}\,$ angle. How far apart are the slits?    $\mu m$
At what angle will the third order be observed?

  A diffraction grating has (klf voxm9/g:e b)q :m$ 6.0\times10^{ 5}\;lines/m$. Find the angular spread in the second-order spectrum between red light of wavelength $ 7.0\times10^{-7 }\;m$ and blue light of wavelength $ 4.5\times10^{-7 }\;m$.    $^{\circ}\,$

  Light falling normally on zhw1s) y;o:k ka $9700-line/cm$ grating is revealed to contain three lines in the first-order spectrum at angles of 31.2$^{\circ}\,$, 36.4$^{\circ}\,$, and 47.5$^{\circ}\,$. What wavelengths are these?
$\lambda_{31.2}$    nm
$\lambda_{36.4}$    nm
$\lambda_{47.5}$    nm

  What is the highest spectral ordthh c(.2a g, ak+wicl.er that can be seen if a grating with 6000 lines per cm is illuminated with 633-nm laser light? Assume nor h+la,c ( .2ka.gcithwmal incidence.   

  Two (and only two) full spectral orders can be seen on 3+) m/gsgbxnheither side of the central maximum when white light is sent through a diffraction grating. What is the maximum number of lines per cm for the gra)mg h+bgs3 /xnting?    $ \times10^{ 3}\;lines/cm$

  White light containing wavelengths fro+prpb;)k 2ei;q/ ihfw m 410 nm to 750 nm falls on a grating with;/iiwrfp h+)q 2bekp; $8500\;lines/cm$ How wide is the first-order spectrum on a screen 2.30 m away?    m

  A He-Ne gas laser which produces monochromatic ligs6scsv si (d23ht of a known wavelength $\lambda\;=\;6.328\times10^{-7 }\;m$ is used to calibrate a reflection grating in a spectroscope. The first-order diffraction line is found at an angle of 21.5$^{\circ}\,$ to the incident beam. How many lines per meter are there on the grating?    $ \times10^{ 5}\;lines/m$

  Two first-order spectrum lines are measur7lny;+.e eq dred by a $9500-line/cm$ spectroscope at angles, on each side of center, of +26$^{\circ}\,$ 38$^\prime$,+41$^{\circ}\,$ 08$^\prime$ and -26$^{\circ}\,$48$^\prime$,-41$^{\circ}\,$ 19$^\prime$. What are the wavelengths?
$\lambda_{26.72^{\circ}}\;=\;$    nm
$\lambda_{41.23^{\circ}}\;=\;$    nm

  If a soap bubble is 120 nm thick, what wavelength is most strongly reff+9tgsi6 uu/a lected at thef9saiu/ 6u t+g center of the outer surface when illuminated normally by white light? Assume that $n\;=\;1.34$. $\lambda$ =    nm ,which is an    -  

  How far apart are the dark fringes in Example 24–8 if thh4tww bb 60padhvetn2 g s40:)e glass plates are each 26.ap2 teb40dh t h:6n bs)0wv4wg5 cm long?    cm

  What is the smallest 4s 1,2jayokxe1qn0 wgthickness of a soap film $(n\;=\;1.42)$ that would appear black if illuminated with 480-nm light? Assume there is air on both sides of the soap film. $t_min$    nm

  A lens appears greenish y.q/ak e0 .ssbjellow ($\lambda\;=\;570\;mm$ is strongest) when white light reflects from it. What minimum thickness of coating $(n=1.25)$ do you think is used on such a glass $(n=1.52)$ lens, and why? $t_{min}$    nm

  A total of 31 bright and 31 dark Newton’s rings (not counting the dark6q(xe hf,/0vduqkt s1 spot at the center) are observed when 550-nm light falls normally on a planoqd t hu/(fs0,16qkxevconvex lens resting on a flat glass surface (Fig. 24–31). How much thicker is the center than the edges?    $\mu m$

  A fine metal foil separa7nlh hf (p9z,dw0wl)ymah( i6tes one end of two pieces of optically flat glass, as in Fig. 24–33. When light of wavelength 670 nm is incident normally, 2h,m(7al f )z6 (dnpw0hi whly98 dark lines are observed (with one at each end). How thick is the foil?    $\mu m$

  How thick (minimum) s px 7n1zrq 5 qdjo;e:yyh:1;nby7zxd1hould the air layer be between two flat glass surfaces if the glass ise ;oy;zy1y 1bqhxjqrz75 d p nd1:x:n7 to appear bright when 450-nm light is incident normally?    nm
What if the glass is to appear dark?    nm

  vA piece of material3at(mp 4x 0qpvs cbm,5, suspected of being a stolen diamond $(n=2.42)$ is submerged in oil of refractive index 1.43 and illuminated by unpolarized light. It is found that the reflected light is completely polarized at an angle of 59$^{\circ}\,$. Is it diamond? ----待选择----yesno 

  A thin film of alcoholddswx k3b-+y jc8 4gak 57s2ut $(n=1.36)$ lies on a flat glass plate $(n=1.51)$. When monochromatic light, whose wavelength can be changed, is incident normally, the reflected light is a minimum for $\lambda\;=\;512\;nm$ and a maximum for $\lambda\;=\;640\;nm$ What is the minimum thickness of the film?    nm

  When a Newton’s ring apparatus (Fig. 24–31) is immersed in a l l4v k+wzgq-bacl(:b 2iquid, the diameter of the eigllv-bcbq 42z(k w+ :aghth dark ring decreases from 2.92 cm to 2.48 cm. What is the refractive index of the liquid?   

  What is the wavelength zr.itin 20i45 j-givk wax9c4of the light entering an interferometer if 644 bright fringewcar.i 9 i 2-iiv kzj5xng4t40s are counted when the movable mirror moves 0.225 mm?    nm

  A micrometer is connected to the movable mirror of an interferometer. When the g :r+2cc (vc,yesfblb7hw9) y micrometer is tightened down on a thin metal foil, the net number of bright fringes that move, compe(c wyf+sbgbr lhc,v9:72) cyared to the empty micrometer, is 272. What is the thickness of the foil? The wavelength of light used is 589 nm.    $\mu m$

  How far must the mirri5brl(4 1ukhz or $M_1$ in a Michelson interferometer be moved if 850 fringes of 589-nm light are to pass by a reference line?    mm

  One of the beams of an interferometer (Fig. 24–59) passes through a sma9p+flex 3op)esbz*8d v2 ,7mqqiyo e*ll glass container containing a cavity 1.30 cm deep. When a gas is allowed to slowly fill the container, a total of 236 dark fringes are counted to my s7*efl o,q q8+ebe9 mpz3)idvxp*2 oove past a reference line. The light used has a wavelength of 610 nm. Calculate the index of refraction of the gas, assuming that the interferometer is in vacuum. $n_{gas}$

  

  Two polarizers are oriented at dj)jv(*y 8su7 u(mpbkwxz+l in 0aj0)65$^{\circ}\,$ to one another. Unpolarized light falls on them. What fraction of the light intensity is transmitted?   

  What is Brewster’s angle for a .bkbh:dvg: qr 9*xe9z7 abo.zn air–glass $(n=1.52)$ surface? $\theta_{p}$    $^{\circ}\,$

  What is Brewster’s angle for a diamond submerged in water if the light is hys pej + 7(bp;, elc2/oop3uvpitting ty;3 p/ +pv e,ploecbpj7u2o (she diamond $(n=2.42)$ while traveling in the water? $\theta_{p}$    $^{\circ}\,$

  Two Polaroids are aligned so that the light passing through them r8xpsg )qwb86ecd4 k2 is a maximum. At what angle should one of them be placed so that the intensity is subsequently86d q82 b)epwg4rxkcs reduced by half?    $^{\circ}\,$

  At what angle should the axes of two Polaroids be placagf( dv 5or5.s5lhig4 ed so as to reduce the intenga( ohfr .5vd5gil 54ssity of the incident unpolarized light to
(a) $\frac{1}{3}$ ,    $^{\circ}\,$
(b) $\frac{1}{10}$ ?    $^{\circ}\,$

  Two polarizers are oriented nx;4ik4es1yfg2g k8hat 40$^{\circ}\,$ to each other and plane-polarized light is incident on them. If only 15% of the light gets through both of them, what was the initial polarization direction of the incident light?    $^{\circ}\,$

  Two polarizers are oriented at 3 v5htj1axghnwq 2818 n8.0$^{\circ}\,$ to one another. Light polarized at a 19.0$^{\circ}\,$ angle to each polarizer passes through both. What percent reduction in intensity takes place?    %

  What would Brewster’s +k+v*/f*tz2 n-q ereif,mq cb angle be for reflections off the surface of water for light coming from beneath the surface? Compare to the angle for total internal reflection, and to ,f*efn / +-*r2qtzc+qvimb ek Brewster’s angle from above the surface.
If the light is coming from water to air, $\theta_{p}$    $^{\circ}\,$For the refraction at the critical angle from water to air $\theta_c$   $^{\circ}$ If the light is coming from air to water $\theta_p'$   $^{\circ}$

  Unpolarized light pa(ssdmtk0a,;lcr; qa, sses through five successive Polaroid sheets, each of whose rd( 0tmqla;as,k ,cs;axis makes a 45$^{\circ}\,$ angle with the previous one. What is the intensity of the transmitted beam?    $I_0$

  Light of wavelength 1wc)uhawi:pd 2q5.qxo23/uxw e)kar$ 5.0\times10^{7 }\;m$ passes through two parallel slits and falls on a screen 4.0 m away. Adjacent bright bands of the interference pattern are 2.0 cm apart.
(a) Find the distance between the slits.    mm
(b) The same two slits are next illuminated by light of a different wavelength, and the fifth-order minimum for this light occurs at the same point on the screen as the fourth-order minimum for the previous light. What is the wavelength of the second source of light? $\lambda_2$    $ \times10^{-7 }\;m$

  Television and radio waves reflecting from mountains or a,s r1ohhq+q)s ul92j6jwk4 r firplanes can interfere with the direct signal f hfrowqjs 2 9j4ru1h,lq+k6)srom the station.
(a) What kind of interference will occur when 75-MHz television signals arrive at a receiver directly from a distant station, and are reflected from a nearby airplane 118 m directly above the receiver? Assume $\frac{1}{2}\;\lambda$ change in phase of the signal upon reflection.  ----待选择----constructivedestructive 
(b) What kind of interference will occur if the plane is 22 m closer to the receiver?  ----待选择----constructivedestructive 

  Red light from three separate sources passes through a diffraction grating wy49ryqd rh24y cz; l3yith 42y;4y cy rqdz3yhlr9$ 3.00\times10^{5 }\;lines/m.$ The wavelengths of the three lines are $ 6.56\times10^{-7 }\;m$ (hydrogen), $ 6.50\times10^{ -7}\;m$ (neon), and $6.97 \times10^{ -7}\;m$ (argon). Calculate the angles for the first-order diffraction lines of each of these sources. $\theta_{h}$    $^{\circ}\,$ $\theta_{n}$    $^{\circ}\,$ $\theta_{a}$    $^{\circ}\,$

  Light of wavelength 590 nm passes through two narr +koeqg 6pg9ugj +6zk-ow slits 0.60 mm apart. The screen is 1.70 m away. A second source of unknown wavelength produces its second-order+g9q66 zujo+p -gkekg fringe 1.33 mm closer to the central maximum than the 590-nm light. What is the wavelength of the unknown light? $\lambda_2$    nm

A radio station operating at 102.1 MHz b hazd6 ufpu5mwp/ri7 a8:.d a-roadcasts from two identical antennae at the same elevation but separated by an 8.0-m horizontal distance d, Fig. 24–60. A maximum signal is found along the midline, perpendicular to d at/w z5hmp-a6 8a .aur7fd:idpu its midpoint and extending horizontally in both directions. If the midline is taken as 0$^{\circ}\,$, at what other angle(s) $\theta$ is a maximum signal detected? A minimum signal? Assume all measurements are made much farther than 8.0 m from the antenna towers.

  A teacher stands well back from an outside doorway 0.88 m wide, and blo(b9 g(v;rv qlpws a whistle of frequency 750 H(rvlbp(;vg 9q z. Ignoring reflections, estimate at what angle(s) it is not possible to hear the whistle clearly on the playground outside the doorway.    $^{\circ}\,$ either side of the normal.

If parallel light falls on a sing 3(qspu7 m)uhqle slit of width D at a 30$^{\circ}\,$ angle to the normal, describe the diffraction pattern.

  The wings of a certain beetle have a series of parallel lines across them ,h/bnxgiss; ko:+v6(w)te5jiip1k ;eg h9ga . When normally incident 460-nm lig5)g;b i vo1ghpi:,ghese; s(ktn+akj9i x/w 6ht is reflected from the wing, the wing appears bright when viewed at an angle of 51$^{\circ}\,$. How far apart are the lines?    nm

  How many lines per centimeter must a grating have if there is to be no secop k a(js0a(ht1d9f *mynd-order spectrum for any visible wavelengty*k(m(f0atd9 h p a1jsh?   $ lines/cm$

Show that the second- and third-order spec4 l-igp eked2s0vtef. 58d2pt tra of white light produced by a diffraction grating always overlap. What wavelengths overlefg02 p.e4d8ldk2espi-v5tt ap exactly?

  When yellow sodium lcmxb.6.yv ,rpight, $\lambda\;=\;$ falls on a diffraction grating, its first-order peak on a screen 60.0 cm away falls 3.32 cm from the central peak. Another source produces a line 3.71 cm from the central peak. What is the wavelength of the new source? How many $lines/cm$ are on the grating?
   nm
  $ lines/cm$

  Light is incident on a diffraction grating with and the pattern ish,7qh :8z )1rjz ktiza viewed on a screen 2.5 m from the grating. The incident a1h:)h 8tq,7 kj zirzzlight beam consists of two wavelengths, $\lambda_1\;=\; 4.6\times10^{ -7}\;m$ and $\lambda_2\;=\; 6.5\times10^{ -7}\;m$. Calculate the linear distance between the first-order bright fringes of these two wavelengths on the screen.    m

What is the index of refraction of a clear material if a minimumy 5 9lx9jr3grp of 150 nm thickness of xyj9l95g r3rp it, when laid on glass, is needed to reduce reflection to nearly zero when light of 600 nm is incident normally upon it? Do you have a choice for an answer?

  Monochromatic light of variable wavelength is incident normally on a thin sheethm+ q.-kxb*: kgkh0 gd of plastic film in air. The reflected light is x -kg:g.q+kb*hm0khd a minimum only for $\lambda\;=\;512nm$ and $\lambda\;=\;640nm$ in the visible spectrum. What is the thickness of the film $(n=1.58)$? [Hint: Assume successive values of m.]    nm

  Compare the minimum thicv nc+qb xn)8hm* l(q3ykness needed for an anti-reflective coating $(n=1.38)$ applied to a glass lens in order to eliminate
(a) blue (450 nm),    nm
(b) red (700 nm) reflections for light at normal incidence.    nm

  What is the minimum (non-zero) thickness for the air layer ju/ n nfg:9q*lbetween two flat glass surfaces if the glass is to appear dark when 640-nm:lnj/q*n9 f ug light is incident normally?    nm
What if the glass is to appear bright?    nm

Suppose you viewed the light tranwl1pgs w)v98 ywo8yg 5).qcltsmitted through a thin film layered on a flat piece of glass. Draw a diagram, similar to Fig. 24–30 or 24–36, and describe the conditions required for maxima and minima. Consider all possible values of index of refraction. Discussw.o v9y8l y)5qlcp8w)1 ggwt s the relative size of the minima compared to the maxima and to zero.
24-30
24-36

  At what angle above the horizon is the Sun when lighq/rc ehgm ;0dz i7mu3xad6j: 9) mj x9hx*ww)ht reflecting off a smooth lakx edh*d;irz9ghhx mj )ua:/)mq073x9jmwcw6 e is polarized most strongly?    $^{\circ}\,$

  At what angle should the axes of two Polaroids be placed so 3guc e8x 8+fo1u c l,xlzum/,fas to reduce the intensity of the incident unpolarized light 8uocff,,/ 3ueu c+x8lzl1xg mby an additional factor (after the first Polaroid cuts it in half) of
(a) 4,    $^{\circ}\,$
(b) 10,    $^{\circ}\,$
(c) 100?    $^{\circ}\,$

  Unpolarized light falls;p)( qc1(bw yqir rj/l on two polarizer sheets whose transmission axes are at right angles. A third polarizer is placed between the first )y/ l;wpbjq(rc 1 (iqrtwo so that its axis makes a 62$^{\circ}\,$ angle with the axis of the first polarizer.
(a) What fraction of the incident light intensity is transmitted?    $I_0$
(b) What if the third polarizer is in front of the other two?

Four polarizers are placed in succession with theinlv3kc4d eimgv u)+2 qmu :ry/z u9k(:r axes vertical, at 30$^{\circ}\,$ to the vertical, at 60$^{\circ}\,$ to the vertical, and at 90° to the vertical.
(a) Calculate what fraction of the incident unpolarized light is transmitted by the four polarizers.
(b) Can the transmitted light be decreased by removing one of the polarizers? If so, which one?
(c) Can the transmitted light intensity be extinguished by removing polarizers? If so, which one(s)?

  A laser beam passes through a slit of width 1.0 cm and is pointf wv cjnote moon,6/k0- j.mc7g,+u 2ted at the Moon, which is approximately 380,000 km from the Earth. Assucng+ /t,o 2cwem. 0f ,6kjumov -oj7ntme the laser emits waves of wavelength 630 nm (the red light of a He-Ne laser). Estimate the width of the beam when it reaches the Moon.    km

  A series of polarizers are each placed at ar+n ,j( duaz ox3(os/bkvo4ftp4l3d9 10$^{\circ}\,$ interval from the previous polarizer. Unpolarized light is incident on this series of polarizers. How many polarizers does the light have to go through before it is $\frac{1}{4}$ of its original intensity?   

  A thin film of soap suq*tz 93mzjv/l7t+cqu bc51$(n=1.34)$ coats a piece of flat glass $(n=1.52)$ .How thick is the film if it reflects 643-nm red light most strongly when illuminated normally by white light?    nm

  Consider two antennas radiating 6.0-MHz radio waves in phase with each ;5: lxsvzcc3sother. They are locatzs:v ccxsl5;3 ed at points $S_1$ and $S_2$, separated by a distance $d\;=\;175m$, Fig. 24–61. What are the first three points on the y axis where there will be destructive interference? (Destructive interference in this case means that a radio receiver placed at that point would pick up no signal).    m    m    m

  A parallel beam of light containing two wavelengths, 4 1)0jsuoux h1zjgex25b1h y+v20 nm and 650 nm, enters a si v1z sejj1 51hyh+xgbo)0uu 2xlicate flint glass equilateral prism (Fig. 24–58).
(a) What is the angle between the two beams leaving the prism?    $^{\circ}\,$
(b) Repeat part (a) for a diffraction grating with    $^{\circ}\,$

  A Lucite planoconvex lens has one flat surface szx 511 ngze(zand one with $R\;=\;18.4\,cm$ It is used to view an object, located 66.0 cm away from the lens, which is a mixture of red and yellow. The index of refraction of the Lucite is 1.5106 for red light and 1.5226 for yellow light. What are the locations of the red and yellow images formed by the lens? [Hint: See Section 23–10.]
$d_{i-red}$    cm
$d_{i-yellow}$    cm