The diagram shows the haploid number of chromosomes in a gametr odfjrxv11l br)*u5 4e. What could be the p1 rbru4vj5o1xl*f)rd olyploid number of chromosomes for this organism?

  The overall structure p7jzmz y;y,.l dn45esof the fin of a whale, in terms of bones and muscles, is similar to the overall structure of the limb of7 d,lm5nz4.esyzjyp; horses. What are these structures referred to as?

  Which of the following is the strongest evidence supponq4.jiq-a9:ql)w e dur 6aa (a-ej+n krting the hypothesis that two populations are two diff9ur4 :jw( )n k6 ejnq+l q-.aa-qiedaaerent species?

The male firefly (P. pyralis) h)y x(t8z m9dqsignals to potential female mates by flashing its lights in specific patterns. Females will only respond to light patterns produced by their own species.q)x9 dh tyzm8(

1.Identify the form of reproductive isolation that fireflies exhibit. Justify your answer.

2.Suggest one possible advantage of this mating ritual.

3.All fireflies seen today have diverged from the same ancestral species. Explain how speciation is responsible for the large variety of firefly species.

  What can result in speciation among organisms living in the same location*h+;9aqsaiwfgu bx, 9a;-acz?

  Which describes the simi1hwgj0r,hxcf -, ssj5larities and differences between isolating mechanisms in sympatric and allopac10s x,jsh5g-hrfjw, tric speciation?

  Which of the following are often barriers to hybridisation between spe);0/okkzcqsg cies?
I. A given animal hybrid species has an even, as opposed to an odd number of chromosomes.
II. Two species of flowering plants produce gametes at different times of the year.
III. Behavioural barriers exist due to variations in bird song between species.

  Which is a key difference between homologous and analogous structures?w-lwf7h0 ,jtt *p*2 y fu btj9aoj9u+x

  The table shows factors that can result in speciation. Which )rm mtz osh d-htvk.r9:u(1to95g3ej word is matched to the coo91s- dku.m oej:hvm)(3z59rht rt tgrrect definition?

  Shown in diagrams A and B are two pa2*aa .es*c7 lvkxaabe1h b f96irs of similar structures.

Which of the following statements correctly explain the structural similarities shown in diagrams A and B?
I. Structural similarities in diagram A are primarily due to random mutations, not common ancestry.
II. Structural similarities in diagram B are due to the fact that they both perform similar functions.
III. Diagram A depicts analogous structures, and diagram B depicts homologous structures.

  What sequence of event)physz.ijw 8u:d8:qg stf..q mr e0y )s usually occur during the process of speciation?

  Triticum monococcum is an einkorn wheat and was tbzl +q :xb5wu06oux-5s g4inihe first domesticated crop. It has a diploid number of 14 chromosomes. Triticum turgidum is a durum wheat with a total of 28 chromosomes. It is a result of the hybridization of Triticum monococcum and another grass Aegilops speltoides which also has a diploid number of 14wxob i- 6+0bqu xsin54:5glu z. What is the correct term for Triticum turgidum in comparison to Triticum monococcum?

  It is thought that the congo river divided a poy, u9 st4oa0kdxq;.nj pulation of the common ancestor of bonobos (Pan paniscus) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), resulting in geographic isolation. Which correctly pairs theoretical selection pressures and consequent adaptatns txa d.y jo,;0kq9u4ions of the two populations?

  Which of the following prov.2gghi*lgfv3f1v-a c8mq uh)ides evidence for evolution through selective breedingg* vf lfgiu1q g83-vh.h m)2ca?
I. Phenotypic variation in the domesticated dog (Canis familiaris) has increased significantly as a result of humans selecting desirable traits.
II. Crop yield in domesticated crop plants is significantly greater than their wild relatives.
III. Homo sapiens in many parts of the world have alleles that provide resistance to diseases endemic to their region.

  The base sequence between two species was found tobbj6 roe48 f1a be 78% the same, while the order of amino acids found in the same cell types between two species was 82% the same. What may be the reason fo 41af8bb6oe rjr this?

  When a horse, which has 64 chrom 23q28n)s rwd a5beof vwoq19k)o,qbposomes, and a donkey, which has 62 chromosomes reproduce, a mule offqb qnv 3 qe 82kd59o12ofow, sar)pw)bspring is produced. Which are correct descriptions of mules?

I. Mules frequently produce offspring with other mules.
II. Cells in mules cannot undergo meiosis but can undergo mitosis.
III. Mule gametes have 63 chromosomes.

A study has been conducted on the effect39)ivpdduo.8fdkj i 1 of hormonal contraception pollution on the matd8pd3v)fi 91u.ikdo j ing calls of the adult male African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis). The spectrogram shows the frequency and volume of clicks (mating call) of control X.laevis and those exposed to oestrogen.


1.Distinguish between the clicks in the spectrogram between the control X. laevis and the X. laevis treated with oestrogen in 1 second.

The graph shows the average duration of the X. laevis mating calls when exposed to the hormone oestrogen.


2.Describe the effect of oestrogen on the duration of the mating call.

3.Explain why it is important to have the X.laevis control group.

4.Identify the independent variable in this study.

5.1.Predict the reproductive success of X.laevis exposed to 29.6 ng/L of oestrogen.
5.2.Outline the possible consequences of oestrogen exposure on X. laevis.

  What is adaptive radiati 4**nw;z3of)6o2 gyibxn44 m dyzxzgzon?

  Which statement best illustrates the proces j(v3so nk.sp0(; wdrss of evolution?

  Two species of smartweed (genus Persicaria)xp)zq6ab t+u *6ackd; hybridise and form a new species. If both of the parent species hqxuk a*d6)+;6ctzb a pave two copies of each chromosome, how many copies of each chromosome is a daughter species most likely to have?

1.Compare and contrast natural selection and sele 9nm)+ f8j.0huhmtp abctive breeding.

2.Using a named example, outline convergent evolution.

3.Using named examples, discuss the evidence which supports the theory of evolution.

1.Outline how polyploidy results in reproductive isol0z; f;j1omghrj 3a g zx3 2voopts93a9ation.

2.Discuss the evidence for the theories of gradualism and punctuated equilibrium.

3.Explain the reasons for changes in allele frequency in different populations.

  Which is most likely a correct dkt/emjc7)n-5r(/rt rda6d cso u (e*t escription of a given speciation event?

  The diagram below shows the feeding areas of four species of warbler (genus Setoversjb 9s5 hxf yq 55nk11u0/nphaga). What is the best explanation for how these warblers came to coexistehkjyrfq u/v5nns5s1 51xb 09 in such close proximity?

1.Adaptive radiation results in a single ancestral species evtnz q++lo3u0ne qo.u(olving into multiple, 3eo(nlq+o t. +uun0 zqclosely related new species which may live in close proximity to each other. Outline 3 mechanisms by which closely related species living in close proximity may be reproductively isolated.

2.Outline the process by which two species may be formed from an ancestral population through the process of allopatric speciation.

3.Describe how sexual and asexual reproduction can lead to the formation of new species with different numbers of copies of each chromosome.