Give a reaction between two nucleons, similar to Eq. 32-4, thaqdw; rjoyzwzgnw25 *v: u ;)v7t could produce a q;)uzz;gow yw2wjv *n57r vd :$\pi^0$.

  If a proton is moving at very high speed, so that its kinetic enerw3/ -z/2il, 6rqiskf3 gg xgkmgy is much greater than its rest energylq2/sri3gf3ximk,w/-kgg 6z ($mc^2$), can it then decay via $p \to n + \pi^+$?  ----待选择----yesno 

What would an "antiatom," made up of the ant .rwb-wf rd6v2iparticles to the constituents of normal atoms, consist of? bwfvr. -6d2wrWhat might happen if antimatter, made of such antiatoms, came in contact with our normal world of matter?

What particle in a decay signals the electromagnetic inx6i:*0cevf*m c()c t0s v7 mghppccg7teraction?

Does the presence of a neutrino amongga3pnl v *8:u8j sorn1 the decay products of a particle necessarilj:nvl31rgu8 pn o*as 8y mean that the decay occurs via the weak interaction? Do all decays via the weak interaction produce a neutrino? Explain.

Why is it that a neutron decays via the weak interaction even though the neutroa;8;v79 po.cz:hwjbo gb 2qmd n and one of its decay products (protm89oc gv qhap:o .;7dbjzw2b; on) are strongly interacting?

Which of the four interactions (strong, electromagnetic, weak, gravitatit8d h*w vg2nr/onal) does an electron take part in? A neutrino? A provngrwd t*8 h2/ton?

Check that charge and q(f tfd(/j/7wnvm,f0l ls*y awa.6 lx baryon number are conserved in each of the decays in Table xw,0a.v(ay /s f/ *t7(llw j6fdflmn q32-2.

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-2 ov2 /rcymi8 b v0vr(zg3ccur via the electromagnetic interaction?i 8 2v30mbv/gyr(vczr

Which of the particle decays in vo 1y2skoxeqvy+l.y* f)a 0z1Table 32-2 occur by the weak interaction?

By what interaction, and why, doexln jqsd 22:2+xf3b ge/*qaids $\Sigma^0$ decay to $\Lambda^0 + \gamma$? What about $\Xi^-$ decaying to $\Lambda^0 + \pi^-$?

The $\Delta$ baryon has spin $\frac{3}{2}$, baryon number 1, and charge states $Q = +2, +1, 0, -1$. Why is there no charge state $Q = -2$?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-4 occur via the electromagnetic intepflx6;/ :asph rac; p/fshapl 6:xtion?

Which of the particle decays in oo, :(*llsyg+qws qt(o2go qybe6/s0Table 32-4 occur by the weak interaction?

Quarks have spin $\frac{1}{2}$. How do you account for the fact that baryons have spin $\frac{1}{2}$ or $\frac{3}{2}$, and mesons have spin 0 or 1?

Suppose there were a kind of "neutrinolet" that was massless, had no cl3yql5*rb u g6olor charge or electrical charge, and did not feel they3llgr 65 *ubq weak force. Could you say that this particle even exists?

  Is it possible for a parti s5p fh400 kg otm+11 0qggowpei+ml8ccle to be both
(a) a lepton and a baryon?  ----待选择----yesno 
(b) a baryon and a hadron? ----待选择----yesno 
(c) a meson and a quark? ----待选择----yesno 
(d) a hadron and a lepton?  ----待选择----yesno 
Explain.

Using the ideas of quantum chromodynamics, would it bkliv .f( oza)ru:- :zje possible to find particles made up oij ovar(uz:.zl :k-f) f two quarks and no antiquarks? What about two quarks and two antiquarks?

Why do neutrons decay when they are freeb84ypgi3 o7k k- (lh6ihso js2 but not when they are inside the nucleus3hb4sk h2l6jkog- 7psioi y(8?

  Is the reaction $e^- + p \to n + \nu_e$ possible? Explain.  ----待选择----yesno 

Occasionally, the $\pi^+$ will decay by the following reaction: $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$. Which of the four forces in nature is responsible for this decay? How do you know?

  What is the total energy of a pr8lrvj7*qlrj, 6 7t3zwp wy a*noton whose kinetic energy is 6.35 GeV?    GeV

  Calculate the wavelength of 35-GeV electrons. qg*f845/e 3xymesuu gE =    $\times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  What strength of magnetic field is used in a cyclotron in w sq67.nqum,uzhich protons make $2.8 \times 10^7$ revolutions per second? $f$ =    T

  What is the time for one complete revolution for a very high-enef1 1b3k q+bodja (hioua5j h),rgy proton in the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab accel +uo)f51h1b h kd(qba ,jji3oaerator? T =     $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{s}$

  If $\alpha$ particles are accelerated by the cyclotron of Example 32-2, what must be the frequency of the voltage applied to the dees? $f$ =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{Hz}$

  (a) If the cyclotron of Example 9rte vbelf5 t (x98g4xko:dl932-2 accelerated $\alpha$ particles, what maximum energy could they attain? What would their speed be? KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(b) Repeat for deuterons ($^2\text{H}$).KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(c) In each case, what frequency of voltage is required? $f$ =    Hz

  Which is better for picking out details of the nucleus: 30-MeV alpha particlspgk2ta5 mr3 l67nfz6 nfueuuv *0 3o-es or 30-MeV protons? Compare each of their wavelengths with the size p26u33eg0sof nfzu7n ta*r-6ulk5mv of a nucleon in a nucleus.  ----待选择---- alpha particles protons 

  The voltage across the dees of a cyclotron is 55 kV. How many revolutig1ypz om t( -k1had,*ions do protons make to reach a kinetic enekp*(1 i1d-z, my oatghrgy of 25 MeV? $\approx $    $\ \text{revolutions}$

  What is the wavelengthu)kc;cm zkw( g, s)oato70):dfxk/a i ($\lambda$, maximum resolvable distance) of 7.0-TeV protons? E =    $\times 10^{-19}\ \text{m}$

  A cyclotron with a rad eo7n, sdnt f(-e;rfj,ius of 1.0 m is to accelerate deuterons ($^2\text{H}$, mass $= 2.014$ u) to an energy of 12 MeV.
(a) What is the required magnetic field?$\approx $    T
(b) What frequency is needed for the voltage between the dees?$\simeq $    Hz
(c) If the potential difference between the dees averages 22 kV, how many revolutions will the particles make before exiting?$\approx$    $\ \text{revolutions}$
(d) How much time does it take for one deuteron to go from start to exit? $\Delta t$ =    $ \times 10^{-6}\ \text{s}$
(e) Estimate how far it travels during this time. distance =    m

  The 4.25-km-radius tunnel that will be used to house the magnets fos,(pmcngn,cb/ cp2- xk6oj 8br the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) calls for proto8cc-s2(6gn/bo x p b,,jcmp knn beams of energy 7.0 TeV. What magnetic field will be required? B =    T

  The 1.0-km radius Fermilab Tevatrondpoe b/9haf 87 takes about 20 seconds to bring the energies of thh7ead 9/bo 8pfe stored protons from 150 GeV to 1.0 TeV. The acceleration is done once per turn. Estimate the energy given to the protons on each turn. (You can assume that the speed of the protons is essentially $c$ the whole time.) Energy/revolution =    MeV/rev

Show that the energy oopqr1 x-k,a+r ;h x6etf a particle (charge $e$) in a synchrotron, in the relativistic limit ($v \approx c$), is given by $E\ (\text{in eV}) = Brc$, where $B$ is magnetic field strength and $r$ the radius of the orbit (SI units).

  What magnetic field intensity is needed at the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab s+ 76jkn oisghj6 j3ps-ynchrotron + jh76j6g-j3knposis for 1.0-TeV protons? B =    T

  How much energy is released in the pakq5ds 6c 58mj gw(7b6v xit+decay $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$? See Table 32–2.    MeV

  About how much energy is releasedg5txx6lrx,hjem-4 o l :7r1 ra when a $\Sigma^+$ decays to $n + \pi^+$? (See Table 32–2.)    MeV

  How much energy is required to produce a neutron-antineutron paijrwu4 1su6/ q yvoaq:8r?    MeV

  Estimate the range of the str4hnpget9o dp3i f 09i5ong force if the mediating particle were the kaon instead of the pion. n3 0ide 5tp949p fohgi $mc^2$ $\approx$    $ \times 10^{-16}\ \text{m}$

  Two protons are heading toward ct m2a.3cmq:mtrdhr4v) k95 m each other with equal speeds. What minimum kinetic energy must em 4:kr 3t9th5d)q2 m mcr.cmvaach have if a $\pi^0$ meson is to be created in the process? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  What minimum kinetic energy must two neutrons each have if t*hixik-6a+e 8b*o tsf hey are traveling at the sao+ba -6i*8kxets *f ihme speed toward each other, collide, and produce a $\pi^0$ pair in addition to themselves? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  Estimate the range of the weak force using Eq. 32-3, *up ztq:+t;76t id-rg;rwxmor -sot-given the masses of the W and Z particles as about 80 td mto tzs x*u6qw-+; -r:rg;oir-t7pto $90\ \text{GeV}/c^2$. $mc^2$$\approx $    $\times 10^{-18}\ \text{m}$

  What are the wavelengths of the two photons produced w+rg*(ukj spc9 qb4 zm4hen a proton and antiproton at sk4g z +4bu*9cprq(mjrest annihilate? $2m_0c^2$$\approx $    $ \times 10^{-15}\ \text{m}$

The $\Lambda^0$ cannot decay by the following reactions. What conservation law is violated in each of the reactions?
(a) $\Lambda^0 \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $\Lambda^0 \to p + K^-$
(c) $\Lambda^0 \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$

  For the decay $\Lambda^0 \to p + \pi^-$, calculate (a) the Q-value (energy released),Q=    MeV
(b) the kinetic energy of the p and $\pi^-$ assuming the $\Lambda^0$ decays from rest. (Use relativistic formulas.)
$KE_p$ =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

Show, by conserving momentum and energy, that it is impossible for an isoligo:y5or 1y; eated electron to radiate only a single photyy5 1 roe;g:oion. (b) With this result in mind, how can you defend the photon exchange diagram in (Fig. Below)?

  What would be the wavelengths of the two photons produced when an electron a35)l2yhkywvo2.y1h1 z cqi smnd a positron, eamykhqy 2)y1 wh.s 25ic3v1 ozlch with 420 keV of kinetic energy, annihilate head on? $\lambda $ $\approx $    $ \times 10^{-12}\ \text{m}$

  In the rare decay $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$, what is the kinetic energy of the positron? Assume the $\pi^+$ decays from rest. $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions and decays are possible? For those forbiddp*8pe ffduhts9uq +ua;.3r0.4vj ws q en, explain what laws pu8tf s*qpua +j 43vswue9h .rd;.0qfare violated.
(a) $\pi^- + p \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $p \to e^+ + \nu_e$
(c) $p + p \to p + e^+ + \pi^+$
(d) $\pi^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$
(e) $\mu^+ \to e^+ + \nu_\mu$
(f) $p \to n + e^+ + \nu_e$

  Calculate the kinetic energy of each of the two pd hg-wi6.uuhy09 6pz vroducts in the decay $\Xi^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^-$. Assume the $\Xi^-$ decays from rest.
$\text{KE}_{\Lambda^0}$   MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$   MeV

  Could a $\pi^+$ meson be produced if a 100-MeV proton struck a proton at rest? What minimum kinetic energy must the incoming proton have? $\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  Calculate the maximum kineti)zce:ljo /s (ic energy of the electron in the decay $\mu^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e + \nu_\mu$. [Hint: In what direction do the two neutrinos move relative to the electron in order to give the latter the maximum kinetic energy? Both energy and momentum are conserved; use relativistic formulas.] $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$    MeV

  Use (Fig. Below) to estimate the3 ts6)m7)cmjpp k b 86r0ct)bbf;qfxa energy width and then the lifetime of the $\Delta$ resonance using the uncertainty principle.
$\Delta E$ =    MeV
$\Delta t$=    $ \times 10^{-24}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width of thezr ruw4/c-ig mx*h09u $\Upsilon$ meson is 88 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width of c/d4g.9g9mc pqakwh*k/c* vwn ,b7n k the $J/\psi$ (3685) meson is 277 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  What is the energy width (or uncertainty) z8api4p vzbo o zok*2a ceho6:7s0f57 of
(a) $\pi^0$, $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV
(b) $\Sigma^0$? (See Table 32-2.) $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV

The $B^-$ meson is a $b\bar{u}$ quark combination. (a) Show that this is consistent for all quantum numbers. (b) What are the quark combinations for $B^+$, $B^0$, $\bar{B}^0$?

Which of the followingsl()cs3gk+6 49u ;p.ymv q(c kh fxazf decays are possible? For those that are forbidden, explai)scgpvmh x6 kflc( .ysz+ 9fauq;4(k3n which laws are violated.
(a) $\Xi^0 \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^-$
(b) $\Omega^- \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^- + \nu$
(c) $\Sigma^0 \to \Delta^0 + \gamma + \gamma$

What are the quark combinations that can form (ci3+;r 7g 7pns/2lc dix ;bohra) a neutron, (b) an antineutron, (c) a sbr;gi7cl7h/xpcd+r 3io2 n ;$\pi^+$, (d) a $K^-$?

What particles do the following quark combinations produce: (a) .nr a/g/aiu7* a*)am v8e)km2b fyce a$uud$, (b) $uu\bar{d}$, (c) $u\bar{s}$, (d) $\bar{d}u$, (e) $c\bar{s}$?

What is the quark combin/ncpf g9n09coation needed to produce a $D^+$ meson ($Q=B=S=0, c=+1$)?

The $D_s^+$ meson has $S=c=+1, B=0$. What quark combination would produce it?

Draw a possible Feynman diagram using quarks (as in Fqz 81 twsyzv2md,- mf6ig. Below) for the reaction8dtw1zyvfz, msqm-2 6 $p + \pi^- \to n + \pi^0$.

Draw a Feynman diagram for the redz1*9i o-xo 8bepz+at0qp ex*action $n + \nu_\mu \to p + \mu^-$.

  What is the total energy of a proton whose kinetic energy is 25 GeVa4)z xg1xkt 66pj l:am? What is its wavelex1am:gxlp6tz46 j )ka ngth?
$\approx$    $ \ \text{GeV}$
$\lambda$ $= $    $ \times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  Assume there are $5.0 \times 10^{13}$ protons at 1.0 TeV stored in the 1.0-km-radius ring of the Tevatron.
(a) How much current (amperes) is carried by this beam?I =    A
(b) How fast would a 1500-kg car have to move to carry the same kinetic energy as this beam? v $\approx $    $ \times 10^2\ \text{m/s}$

  Protons are injected into the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab Tezs)wtaw1gz +s t-g8q7 vatron with an energy of 150 GeV. If they are accele-g wg7z1z t8asq+)wt srated by 2.5 MV each revolution, how far do they travel and approximately how long does it take for them to reach 1.0 TeV? d$\approx $    $ \times 10^9\ \text{m}$

  (a) How much energy is released when an elect)+-s zrxehl x)s +xw).1puaxpron and a positron annihilate each 1wpz)e +)ar-+usxx) xxh p .lsother? $E_{\text{total}}$=    MeV
(b) How much energy is released when a proton and an antiproton annihilate each other? (All particles have $KE = 0$.) $E_{\text{total}}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions are possible, and by what interacti9 09dreeb ip pu2z0tq1on could they occur? For those forbiddp09qt9 eer0u2b1 izpden, explain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^+ + \Sigma^-$
(b) $p + \pi^+ \to K^+ + \Sigma^+$
(c) $p + \pi^- \to \Lambda^0 + K^0 + \pi^0$
(d) $p + \pi^+ \to \Sigma^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $p \to \pi^+ + e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$

Which of the following reactions are possible, and by what interac- . /p0rndqlk3gsz0z wtion could they occuz3./r sw -0n0 pkglzdqr? For those forbidden, explain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^0 + p + \pi^0$
(b) $p + K^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^0$
(c) $n + K^+ \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^0 + \gamma$
(d) $K^- \to \pi^- + \pi^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$

One decay mode for a x hqhk/7x lk/lxn4 .*q$\pi^+$ is $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$. What would be the equivalent decay for a $\pi^-$? Check conservation rules.

  Symmetry breaking occurs in the electrowea/q9*z n/d vqsak theory at about $10^{-18}\ \text{m}$. Show that this corresponds to an energy that is on the order of the mass of the W boson ($M_W c^2 \approx 80\ \text{GeV}$). $mc^2$$\approx$   GeV

  The mass of a $\pi^0$ can be measured by observing the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \pi^0 + n$ at very low incident $\pi^-$ kinetic energy (assume it is zero). The neutron is observed to be emitted with a kinetic energy of 0.60 MeV. Use conservation of energy and momentum to determine the $\pi^0$ mass. $E_{\pi^0}$ =    $MeV/c^2$

  Calculate the Q-value for each of the reactions, Eq. 32-4, for producinge m1, 0k+f9/ss3v gtjbupq *ys a pion. 0e fv3su9 typ sk*+1gqb m,s/j $Q$ =   $MeV$ or $Q$ =    $MeV$

  Calculate the Q-value for the reactio5ns 0bjr k/41se+hk q6 k;xrpkn $\pi^- + p \to \Lambda^0 + K^0$ when negative pions strike stationary protons. Estimate the minimum pion kinetic energy needed to produce this reaction. [Hint: Assume $\Lambda^0$ and $K^0$ move off with the same velocity.]
Q =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  How many fundamental fermions are there in a water molecul7/wjm,i :wiw +bae/j ne?    fermions

  A proton and an antiproton annihilate ea3vp11 c/nt2xvoa.z p dch other at rest and produce two pions, t1vv ndzx o.c2pa 13/p$\pi^-$ and $\pi^+$. What is the kinetic energy of each pion? $2m_pc^2$ =    MeV

  (a) Show that the so-called unifivvgwoc+(t l61 ,dsb4v: lp+hs cation distance of $10^{-31}\ \text{m}$ in grand unified theory is equivalent to an energy of about $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. Use the uncertainty principle, and also de Broglie's wavelength formula, and explain how they apply. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{16}$GeV E =    $ \times 10^{15}$
(b) Calculate the temperature corresponding to $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. E =    $10^{28} K$

For the reaction $p + p \to 3p + \bar{p}$, where one of the initial protons is at rest, use relativistic formulas to show that the threshold energy is $6m_p c^2$, equal to three times the magnitude of the Q-value of the reaction, where $m_p$ is the proton mass. [Hint: Assume all final particles have the same velocity.]

  The lifetimes listed in Table 32-2 are in t (:7 0pte2wxjdvdl;nmq9,y z lerms of proper time, measured in a reference frame where the particle is at rest. If a tau lepton is created with a kinetic energy of 450 MeV, how long would its track be as measured in the w;lnptdye,qz d m(7 lv9jx02:lab, on average, ignoring any collisions? $\Delta x_{\text{lab}} = $    $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{m}$

Identify the missing particle in t* :wtou8 be,i2r );+ p jb-zk7zecfnwjhe following reactions.
(a) $p + p \to p + n + \pi^+ + ?$
(b) $p + ? \to n + \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$

Use the quark model toswbvffa0 4us5fi.4m 1 describe the reaction $p + n \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$.

What fraction of the speed of light*s zb *0.sf mlbe*pc8c $c$ is the speed of a 7.0-TeV proton?